NEW GENERA AND SPECIES OF SMALL TICKING AND 'CHIRPING’ CICADAS
(HEM1PTERA: C1CADOIDEA: C1CAD1DAE) FROM QUEENSLAND, WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF THEIR SONGS
A. EWART
Ewart, A. 2005 12 01: New genera and species of small ticking and ‘chirping’ cicadas
(Hcmiptcra: Cicadoidca: Cicadidae) from Queensland, with descriptions of their songs.
Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 51(2): 439-500. Brisbane. ISSN 0079-8835.
Five new genera of small cicadas (< 15 mm total body length), including nine new species,
arc described, all assigned to the Cicadidae, Tibicininae, and Tribe Cicadettini. The genera
are Crot ops alt a. Gagatopsalta, Caliginopsalta , Pipilopsalta and Drymopsalta. The new
species are Crotopsalta plexis, C. fronsccetes, C. strcnulnm, C. poaecetes, G auranti, G.
obscurus, Caliginopsalta percola . P. ceuthoviridis, and D. crepitum. Descriptions,
distribution, behaviour and songs are provided for each genus and species. The Crotopsalta
species are characterised by simple ticking songs, differing with respect to their pulse
repetition rates and pulse structures between species. Increasingly complex chirping songs,
comprising short echemes containing multiple pulses, characterise the Caliginopsalta and
Pipilopsalta songs. Even more complex temporal patterning and structure of the chirp
echcmcs characterise the Gagatopsalta and the D. crepitum songs, the latter exhibiting a
remarkable series of song patterns. □ Ticking cicadas, chirping cicadas, Queensland, songs,
Cicadidae .
A. Ewart, Queensland Museum, GPO Box 3300, South Brisbane 4101, Australia (email:
ewart@cust.calonndra.net): 22 September 2004.
The Australian cicada fauna is not well
documented. There are many known but still
undescribed species in museums and private
collections and many new species arc still being
collected. Current taxonomic research is
addressing the overdue higher systematics of
cicadas in general, and in particular clarifying
and extending the generic classification of
Australian species (Moulds, in press). Apart
from their inherent importance in species
recognition, cicada songs arc valuable tools
taxonomically. In the field, they provide
excellent means for identification of known
species and recognition of new species and
species complexes. Songs arc species specific,
with many Australian and overseas examples
now documented (e.g. Myers, 1929; Alexander
& Moore, 1958; Young, 1972; Ewart, 1988,
1989, 1998; Ewart & Popple, 2001; Popple,
2003; Simocs et al. % 2000; Sueur, 2002).
This work stems from the recognition, in
Queensland, of small and inconspicuous cicadas
emitting soft and apparently simple ticking
songs, as well as other small species emitting
slightly more complex chirping songs. The field
recognition of these songs has been greatly aided
by use of a bat detector. Detailed descriptions of
these songs are provided, based on field and
laboratory sound recordings. Although sharp
chirping songs are known in species belonging to
several described genera, this work describes five
new genera (Tabic I) containing nine previously
undcscribcd species.
ABBREVIATIONS. Repositories: ANIC,
Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra;
AE, private collection of A. Ewart; BMNH, The
Natural History Museum, London; LWP, private
collection of LAV. Popple, Brisbane; MSM,
private collection of M.S. Moulds, Sydney; QM,
Queensland Museum, Brisbane; UQIC, The
University of Queensland Insect Collection. The
following abbreviations apply to the paratype
data: Ck, Creek; HS, Homestead; Hwy,
Highway; jet, junction; L, Lake; NP, National
Park; Pty, property; Ra, Range; Rd, Road; Rec,
recorded (= aural/clcctronic song recording); R,
river; SF, state forest; sp, species; spec, specimen;
Stn, Station (HS); xing, crossing; CB, C.
Burwell; DC> D. Cook; GD, G Daniels; SE, S.
Evans; AE, A. Ewart; RBL, R.B. Lachlan; CL, C.
Lambkin; SL. S. Lamond: RM, R. MacSloy; SM,
S. McEvey; GBM, G.B. Monteith; GB&SRM,
G.B. & S.R Monteith; JM, J. Moss; MSM&BJM,
M.S. & B.J. Moulds; JN, J. Nowland; LWP, L.W.
Popple; LW&RP, L.W. & R. Popple; IR, I.
Rattray; DMR, D.M. Reeves; JS, J. Skevington;
MAS, M.A. Schneider; RS, R. Stoodley; AS, A.
Strange; AW-H, A. Walford-Huggins; SW, S.
440
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
TABLE I. Summary of selected morphological characters, for males only, distinguishing the five genera
described
Crotopsalta
Gagatopsalta
Ca/iginopsa/ta
Pxpilopsalta
Drynwpsalta
Abdomen: shape
(in dorsal view):
Evenly tapered
distally
Cylindrical, gentle
tapered distally
Evenly tapered
distally
Tending rounded,
bulbous in dorsal
and lateral profile
Slender and evenly
tapered distally
Rostrum:
Mid coxae
Between mid and
hind coxae
Hind coxae
Mid coxae
Hind coxae
Fore vv injj:
Lengths of apical
cells compared to
Approximately
equal.
Approximately
equal.
Approximately
equal.
Mostly shorter than
ulnar cells.
Approximately equal.
Costal vein;
anterior curvature
Gently curved
Gently curved
Gently curv ed
Minimal curvature
Marked anterior
curvature
Hind wing:
6
6
6
6
5 to 6 (rarely 4)
Hindwing:
Infuscation:
None
None
Brown infuscation
within plaga and
anal lobe
None
None
Operculae:
shape:
Moderately
elongated,
rounded along
distal margin:
marked ridi»e.
Weakly elongated,
rounded along
distal to medial
margins: marked
ridee.
Rounded along
distal and medial
margins: gently
domed and ridged
Broadly rounded
along medial-distal
margins; gently
domed and ridged.
Moderately elongated
with oblique, blunt to
variably rounded
distal margin.
Operculae:
Separation of
Clearly separated
Clearly separated
Clearly separated
Separated but
closely spaced
Clearly separated
1111ILJ IIUU unto .
Timbals: Long
ribs:
Ribs fused
ventrally:
Ribs fused to
basal spur:
4; rib 5 shortened
in length
1 to 3 (± 4)
1 to 4
5
1 to 2
1 to 3
5; rib 4
discontinuous.
1 to 4
1 to 3
5; ribs 4 and 5
shortened.
1 to 2
1 to 2
4 to 5; ribs 4 ± 5
shortened.
1 to 3
1 to 4
Pygofer:
Shape (dorsal
Broadly pyriform
Ovoid.
Ovoid.
Ovoid.
Ovoid to roughly
rectangular.
view):
Pygofer:
Uncal lobes:
Extended
orthogonally,
thickened and
rounded apieallv
Sharply terminated
and extended.
Curved, anteriorly
pointing and
sharply
terminated.
Extended steeply,
subacute and
curved.
Extended
orthogonally,
thickened and
rounded apieally.
Pygofer:
Upper lobes:
Triangular,
pointing steeply
ventrally,
rounded apieallv
Prominent,
extended distally
and a pi cal ly
rounded.
Prominent,
rounded apical ly
Rounded and not
strongly extended
Moderately extended,
subacute, rounded
apieally.
pygofer: Lower
* Jobes:
Clearly defined
and rounded.
Partly hidden (in
lateral view)
Small and rounded
Rounded, slightly
elongated.
Well developed,
rounded apieallv.
Pygofer: Inner
lobes:
Not developed.
Rounded,
extended ventrally
Not developed.
Visible, subacute,
but not prominent
(in lateral view)
Not developed.
Pygofer: Beak:
Inconspicuous to
absent.
Prominent and
rounded.
Moderately
developed, elearly
visible.
Prominent and
rounded.
Conspicuous, sharply
defined in lateral
profile.
Wright. FRW. F.R. Wylie; DY, D. Yeates. Other
abbreviations used in the main text are: BL, total
body length; FWL, fore wing length; HW, head
width; PW, pronotum width; AW. abdomen
width; FWL/BR, fore wing length/breadth ratio.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The anatomical terminology follows Moulds
(1990; in press) and Duffels (1977) for general
body and wing characters; Duffels (1977),
Dugdale (1972), and Moulds (2003) for
genitalia; de Boer (1999) for operculae, and
Simmons & Young (1978), Dugdale (1972) and
Bennet-Clark (1997) for timbals. The timbal
long ribs are referred to sequentially as ribs
numbered 1 *4 (i5), with rib 1 being the most
posterior rib (i.c. adjacent to the timbal plate).
Measurements (in mm) are given as ranges and
means (in parentheses) of a subset ol specimens
from each species, including the smallest and
largest available specimens. The head width is
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
441
taken across the outer margins of the compound
eyes; pronotum width is the maximum measured
width; the abdomen is measured across the
auditory capsules. The fore wing length/breadth
ratios are based on maximum measured values of
each parameter for each fore wing.
SONG RECORDINGS AND ANALYSES
Non-field recorded songs were made, using
metal tapes, with a Sony Walkman cassette
recorder WM-D6C model, in conjunction with a
Sennhciser microphone model K6/ME66. The
recorder has a linear response to 15 kHz, and
responds to approximately 18 kHz. These
recordings were performed with single insects
within plastic containers, 16.5x16.5x9.5 cm, in
which small quantities of the relevant vegetation
were inserted on which the insects were captured.
A fine white cloth covering was placed over the
top of the boxes, with lighting immediately
above, and the microphone placed on the top
edge of the box. Reverberation effects have not
been observed in the resulting songs recorded, at
least within the limits of resolution of the
recordings. Near-field effects arc a possible
complication of using the relatively small
recording boxes, and could be significant at
frequencies of <;5kHz. These are, however,
lower than the main frequency ranges emitted by
the ticking cicadas. For the same reason, possible
proximity effects are not considered to be
significant. The primary reasons for using the
containers arc that, for the very small and mostly
very wary cicadas, it is usually not feasible to
place a mierophone close enough, for long
enough, to individual insects to directly record
theirlow amplitude songs in the field. The most
notable exception is Pipilopsalta ceuthoviriclis
sp. nov. In the containers, they can be readily
induced to sing in strong, artificial lighting (not
fluorescence), and with minimal background
noise. The lighting also provides heat; temp¬
eratures in the boxes are consistently 30-35°C
during normal summer recording sessions.
Field recordings were made through bat
detectors (Mini-2 and Mini-3 ultra sound Advice
models, U.K.), that were also routinely used to
detect the ticking songs in the field. The primary
aim of these recordings was for determining tick
rates, but they have the advantage of being able to
eonfirm the ability of the essential pulse
structures to survive propagation in various field
environments, the recordings typically made
2-30m from singing insects. Songs of P.
ceuthovividis n.sp. were recorded in the field with
the WM-D6C cassette recorder, as well as in
containers.
Computer analyses were performed by initial
digitising through a 16-Bit Terratec sound card at
44.1 kHz sampling frequency, followed by
processing with Avisoft SASLab Pro 4 software.
These data are stored in a library of mostly
Queensland cicada songs held at the Queensland
Museum.
A modified terminology of Ragge & Reynolds
(1998) is adopted for descriptions and analyses of
the songs, with the exception of the Crotopsalta
ticking cicadas, where the term ‘pulse’ is
considered most appropriate. Although the
Ragge & Reynolds terminology was designed for
orthopteran insects, there are sufficient
similarities in essential song structures to justify
extending the terminology to the cicada songs
herein. The term syllable is used for discrete but
relatively short (^20ms) pulse groups that
plausibly result from a single buckling movement
(in±out) of one or both timbals. The latter may
result from alternate buckling of the timbal pairs,
or synchronous buckling of both timbals, but
implies no significant intervening time gap
within the resulting syllable. The term echeme is
applied to the first order assemblage of syllables
produced during the continuous buckling of the
timbals pairs (i.e. ^ 2 cycles of buckling without
significant pause). Time expanded waveform and
envelope plots reveal that the syllables are
usually resolved into smaller (higher frequency)
‘syllable-like’ groupings termed hemisyllubles ,
plausibly resulting (at least in part) from the
buckling (‘clicking’) of individual timbal ribs. In
most songs of the smaller cicadas, the hemi-
syllables ean be further resolved into shorter
(higher frequency) pulses , representing the
fundamental frequency carrier waves of songs.
SYSTEMATICS
Family CICAD1DAE Leach
Subfamily TIB1CIN1NAE Atkinson
Tribe CICADETT1NI Buckton
Crotopsalta gen. nov.
TYPE SPECIES. Crotopsalta plexis sp. nov.
INCLUDED SPECIES. C. plexis sp. nov.; C. fmnsecetes
sp. nov.; C. st/vnulum sp. nov.; C. poaecetes sp. nov.
ETYMOLOGY. Greek emio, a tick/rattle; -psalta is a
generic ending that is sometimes used for the Cicadidae.
DIAGNOSIS. Very small, -9-15 mm total body
length, characterised by sharply defined and
442
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
relatively simple ticking songs. Head and thorax
of similar width with abdomen relatively narrow’
and evenly tapered distally (as viewed dorsally);
stemites rounded, projecting below tergites in
lateral view. Compound eyes clearly separated,
along their outer ventral margins, from
pronotum; distance between lateral ocelli similar
to distance between lateral ocellus and eye.
Width of head (including eyes) slightly greater
than width of pronotum across lateral margin.
Width of pronotum measured from lateral
margins similar to width of mesonotum between
fore wings; lateral margins of pronotal collar
weakly to moderately ampliate and outwardly
curved. Rostrum extends to, but not beyond mid
coxae. Wings hyaline with no infuscations. Fore
wing relatively short and broad with
length/breadth ratios in range ~2.3-3.0; red-
brown to brown pterostigma; costal vein more or
less even in width to node, with only slight
thickening at node; costal vein gently curved
anteriorly proximal to node; selcrotised area
anterior to costal vein very narrow and much
thinner than costal vein thickness; intersection of
CuA-M veins approximately midway along first
vein segment section (proximal to basal cell) of
M vein that forms inner margin of radial cell; the
distal vein sections along M forming the inner
radial cell margin not all of similar length; eight
apical cells; apical cells more or less similar in
length, overall, to ulnar cells (some shorter, some
longer). Hind wing with six apical cells.
Operculae moderately elongated parallel to
abdomen with weak ridge extending from distal
through to basal areas; distal margins broadly
rounded; inner margins of operculae widely
separated; meracantha located strongly
asymmetrically proximal to medial margins of
operculae. Timbals with four long ribs and
reduced fifth rib, the ribs 1-3 extensively fused
ventrally; ribs 1-4 fused dorsally to the distinct
basal spur; four (less often three) short ribs;
narrow dome on timbal plate; part of the anterior
margin of the white resilin area of timbal is
markedly deflected outwards into a domc-like
outline. Pygofer broadly pear-shaped (pyriform)
in dorsal view; uncal lobes steeply ascending as
seen in lateral view, thickened and rounded
apically; upper lobe roughly triangular, pointing
steeply ventrally, terminally rounded to relatively
acutely rounded; lower lobe clearly defined and
rounded; inner lobes not clearly developed; beak
inconspicuous to absent; median process small
(relative to uncal lobes); trifid aedeagus with a
pair of sclerotised dorsal pseudoparameres
longer than sclerotised ventral support, and
unsclerotiscd cndotheca.
KEY TO SPECIES OF CROTOPSALTA
1. Operculae with brown to black colouration, sometimes
patchy and restricted along lateral margins and basal
areas; auditory capsules black, dark brown
centrally...2
Operculae uniformly pale sandy brown, with or without
minor pale brown around crcsi on dorso-lateral margins;
auditory capsules usually pale brown to sandy brown
with or without thin dark brown to black margins (rarely
entirely dark brown to black).3
2. Stemites pale to medium reddish brown (rarely fawn
colour); tergites 3- 4 (±5) with or without pale brownish
lateral patches; distal margin ofopercula does not extend
to anterior paramedial margin of sternitc
II. .piex is
Stemites pale to medium brown; tergites 3 - 6 (±7) with
well defined black to dark brown patches; distal margins
of operculae extend to anterior paramedial margin of
stemite II . fronsecetes
3. Stemite 11 with small black patch medially; auditory
capsules pale to medium brown with thin black to dark
brown margins; dark browm to pale brown irregular
patches laterally on tergites 3-7: distal margins of
operculae extend to anterior paramedial margin of
stemite II; timbal long ribs 1-4 fused
ventrally.... strenulum .
Stcrnitcs without black medial marking; auditory
capsules uniformly sandy brown (occasional small
brown marking adjacent to central areas); no darker
lateral colouration on tergites; distal margins of
operculae do not extend to anteriorparamcdial margin of
stemite II; timbal long rib 4 not fused ventrally with ribs
1-3; meracantha very reduced in size and
rounded. poaecetes
Note: The number of separate characters listed for each
step is a reflection of die inherent variability within each
species. Single characters, taken alone, may not be
diagnostic.
Crotopsalta plexis sp nov..
(Figs 1,2, 7-11,36, Table 2)
Notopsalta sp. I: Ewart, 1998: 65, 66, figs I9A, 13B.
MATERIAL. HOLOTYPE d, QMT99209, Hubbards
Pty. Miles, S.Qld., Large vvilga shrubs, 26°09.143'S
150°20.237E, 28 Sept 1997, AE.
PARATYPES: SOUTH AND CENTRAL
QUEENSLAND: Id, Brigalow Res. Stn. nr. Theodore,
AE; 28.X.2000, 24°49.47'S 149°48.05'E; Id, As
previously, Rec; 1 d, Brigalow Res. Stn. nr. Theodore, AE,
27 jc. 2000, 24°49.47'S 149°48.05'E, Rcc; Id, 1 9, Glebe
Weir, 30 km NE Tarooni, 2.X.99, AE, 25°27.85'S
150°02.00'E'; Id, Glebe Weir, 30 km NE Tarooni, 2.X.99,
AE, 25°27.85'S 150°02.00'E, Rcc; 2d, 21km N.
Wandoan, AE, 3.x.99, mixed brigalow, 25°56.74'S
149°54.14 r E; Id, As previously, Rec(spcc I); Id, As
previously, Rec(spec 2); 1?, 1 km W. Morven, 4.X.99, AE,
26°24.68'S 147°06.I6'E; 1 d, As previously, Rcc; I?, 16
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
443
km E. Roma, AE, wilga, 7.X.99, 26°34.78'S 148°56.95 f E;
6d; 1km W. Morven, AE, 6x99, 26°24.68'S 147°
06.16 f E; l <3, As previously, Rec; Id, 1km W. Morven,
Casuarina -brigalow, 2 Sept 2000, AE, 26°24.75'S
147°06.26 , E, Reefspec 1); 1 <3, As previously, Rec(spee 2);
Id, Brigalow Res. Sta., nr. Theodore, NAV. brigalow
seetion, 21.xii.2000, AE, 24°47.92'S 149°45.45’E, Rec;
Id 45km N. Roma, myall, 15.xii.2000, AE, IR,
26° 11.83’S 14S 0 42.23’E, Rec; 1 <3, Muekadilla, nr. Sehool,
grass, I6.xii.2000, AE, 26°35.25’S 148°23.19’E; 1 d,
29km E. Goondiwindi, 16.i.2001, AE, brigalow
woodland, 28°29.7rS 150°32.82 r E; 5d, 29, Hubbards
Pty, Chinehilla, 26°09.143’S 150°20.23T 30.i.98; Id,
28km S.E. Goondiwindi, 17.i.2001, AE, 28°38.77’S
150°32.98T, Rec; 2d, Hubbaids Pty. Miles, large wilga
shrubs, 26°09.143'S I50°20.237’E, 28.ix.1997; Id,
Barakula SF, nr. Chinehilla, virgin brigalow, 15.xii.1997,
26°14.42’S 150°48.86 r E, AE; 29, Mt. Lawnton, 16 km S.
Wandoan, on microcitnts sp., 23.ix. 1990, DMR; 2d, 12 9,
Mt. Lawnton, 16 km S. Wandoan, on Capparis sp.,
30.ix.1990, DMR; Id, 6.1 km E. Kaimkillenbun, AE,
23.xii.2001, 27°04.35 r S 151°29.83’E, Rec; l d, 16 km E.
Koma, 25.xi. 1999, AE, Etvmophila mitchcllii, 36°34.80'S
148°56.97E; Id, 44.1 km S. of Theodore, 20.xii.1999,
AE, brigalow, 25° 14.5PS 149°57.232’E, Rec; 1 d, 41 km
WSW Banana, brigalow, AE, 29.xii.2002, 24°37.08’S
149°46.24'E, Ree; Id, 14.6km W. ofDrillham,brigalow,
26. x. 1998, AE, 26°38.65’S 149°49.94’E; 1 d, 15.6 km N.
TaroomAVarrego Rd. jet, N. Miles, AE, brigalow,
17.x. 1998,26°31.64’S 150°07.50T, Rec; 3d, Muekadilla,
near State Sehool, grass, AE, 2.H.2000, 26°35.3PS
148°23.19'E; 1 d, As previously, Rec; 1 d, 16 km E. Roma,
Blythsdale South Rd., Eremopliila mitchcllii 1 AE,
2.ii.2000,26 0 34.8PS 148°56.98'E; Id,brigalow, 1 kmE.
Brigalow Township, AE, 22.xii.2001, 26°50.94 f S
150°47.83'E; 1 d, 31 km W. Mitchell, brigalow, Cassinia ,
E. mitchcllii, AE, 12.i.2002,26°28.74 r S 147°40.37E, Ree;
19, Glebe Weir, Taroom, 25°27.83 , S 150°01.99 f E,
29.ix.1997 (AE). Id, Brigalow Res. Stat., WNW
Theodore, 5-12.xii. 1999, JM, LWP, 352-000*; 3d 19,
Coolmunda Dam via lnglavood, 15.xiL2001, LWP, RM,
minidisc, 352-0004,0007 to 0009; 2 d, 2 9, Glebe Weir, nr.
Taroom, 4-5.xii.1999, JM, LWP, MV lamp, 352-0002,
0001,0004, 0003; 1 d, 1 9, Tara Shire, 47 km SW Dalby,
27. xii.2001, LWP, AS, 352-0011,0010; 1 d, NNW Roma,
26 0 12’4rs 148°42'02"E, C. Eddie, 20x2001,352-0012;
FIG 1. Crotopsalta plexis. A, Lateral abdomen view; B, fore and hind wings; C, timbal; the right-hand edge as
show n represents the posterior margin, the top the dorsal edge; D, opereula; E, and F, lateral and ventral views of
pygofer. ). Length of pygofer 1.7mm. Seale bars =lmm exeept wings (3mm). Drawings based on specimen
from near Chinehilla, SEQ.
444
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
1?, as previously, 11.x.2001,352-0013 (LWP). 1<J, 1 9,
25°31’S x 150°03'E, Boggomoss No. 10. via Taroom,
14.xi.1996, DC, at Light 065 (QM). Id, Hubbards Pty,
Chinchilla 26°09.I43'S 150°20.237', 30.i.98; 19, Ml.
Lawnton, 16 km S. Wandoan, miavcitnts sp., 23.ix.1990,
DMR (B.MNH). Id. 44.1 km S. of Theodore,
20.xii.1999. AE. brigalow, 25° 14.51'S 149°57.232'E; 19,
Mr. Lawnton, 16 km S. Wandoan, on Capparis sp.,
30.ix.1990, DMR (ANIC). Id, 1 km W. Morven,
.v/(a;•//;< 7 -briga 1 ow, 2.ix.2000, AE, 26°24.75'S
147°06.26'E; 1 9, Mt. Lawnton, 16 km S. Wandoan, on
microcitrns sp.. 23.ix.l990, DMR (MSM).
* These refer to the numerical reference listing of species
and specimens used in the private collection of LWP..
DESCRIPTION (Male). Figs I, 36A. Head.
Sandy brown to pale brown and black.
Supra-antennal plate, gena and mandibular plate
dominantly blaek, with small pale brown spot
between ocelli, extending to posterior margin;
small pale brown spots along anterior margin of
supra-antennal plate extending around base of
antennae. Ocelli pink to pale red. Compound
eyes brown to dark brown. Postclypeus with pale
brown margin; remainder, including transverse
ridges, black. Anteclypeus black. Rostrum dark
brown, black proximally. Antennae uniform
medium brown.
Thorax. Sandy brown, brown and black.
Pronotum sandy brown with paler central fascia
enclosed by narrow blaek rim which flares out
adjacent to anterior pronotal margin and adjacent
to pronotal collar; broken to diffuse black to dark
brown areas between the anterior and posterior
oblique fissures and between posterior oblique
fissure and pronotal collar; pronotal collar pale
sandy brown, grading to black at lateral comer;
moderately ampliate along lateral margin.
Mesonotum with a pair of anterior broad
obeonical fasciae fused dorsally and extending
less than half the length to the cruciform
elevation; two very broad lateral fasciae,
narrowing towards and just reaching the
proximal arms of crueiform elevation; remainder,
including cruciform elevation, pale sandy brown
with diffuse darker colouration between amis of
cruciform elevation; wing grooves pale sandy
brown with silver pubescence.
Wings. Fore wing venation pale brown grading to
medium brown distally. Costal vein pale
sandy-brown to translucent; weakly developed
node on costal vein; basal membrane pale
pink-brown; dark brown pterostigma. Hind wing
plaga opaque white, extending along vein 3A.
Legs. Glossy. Fore coxae pale sandy brown,
partially black on anterior and medial inner faces;
mid and hind coxae dominantly black on anterior
and lateral faces, pale sandy brown along ventral
margins. Trochanters and lateral faces of fore
femora pale sandy brown, with three black
spines; inner faces of femora dominantly dark
brown to blaek. Mid and hind femora pale sandy
brown with broad medium to dark brown anterior
and lateral margins. Tibiae and tarsi pale sandy
brown; claws sandy brown, with dark brown
apices.
Operculae. Pale brown, with dark brown patches
within basal parts (especially anteriorly), and
also proximal to crest around distolatcral areas;
meraeantha elongated to a relatively acute point;
distal margin does not extend distally to anterior
paramedial margin of sternite II.
Timbals. Ribs I -4 extensively fused ventrally; a
remnant small anterior rib (5).
Abdomen. Tergitcs brown to reddish-brown with
well defined median black areas, each tapering
distally, giving the overall appearance of a
longitudinal blaek dorsal fascia; sporadic lateral
patehes of pale brown colour on tergitcs 3 (most
eommon)4 (± 5); auditory capsules black with
dark brown central areas, the black extending to
adjacent area and along anterior margin to tergite
2; fine silver pubescence paramcdially and
laterally; posterior margins of tergites and
intersegmental membranes yellow. Sternites
pale to medium reddish brown, darker distally;
medium brown on sternite VII and VIII; small
black blotch ventro-medially on sternite II.
Genitalia. Pygofer medium to dark brown.
Upper lobe relatively aeutely terminated.
Otherwise as in generic characters.
FEMALE. Fig. 36B. Generally similar to male.
Supra-antennal plate, gena and mandibular plate
black, with pale colouration as in male.
Postcylpeus with broader outer pale brown
margin, transverse ridges black to deep brown.
Pronotum dominantly pale sandy brown with
thinner dark margin enclosing central fascia.
Mesonotum and legs as in male. Tergite
colouration, including blaek dorsal markings as
in male. Tergite 9 sandy brown with dark brown
paramedial fasciae extending more than
three-quarters of the distance to distal margin and
also ventro-latcrally along anterior margin.
Ovipositor sheath extends <0.5 mm beyond
tergite 9 termination. Sternites uniformly pale
sandy brown.
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
445
MEASUREMENTS. N = 1 06 ,109. Ranges and means
(in parentheses). BL: 6 9.7-10.8 (10.2); $ 10.8-12.2
(11.7). FWL: 6 112-12.4(11.7); 9 12.4-13.5(13.2). HIV:
6 2.9-3.4(32); 9 3.4-3.6 (3.5). PIV: 6 2.6-3.1 (2.9); 9
3.0-3.5 (3.5). All: 6 2.8-3.1 (3.0); 9 3.0-3.4 (3.2).
FIVL/BR: 6 2.53-2.86 (2.72); 9 2.60-2.84(2.73).
DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT & BEHAVIOUR
(Fig. 2). Occurs widely through inland southern
and central Queensland, from the dividing range
west to the Morven and Barcaldine regions. A
single aural record exists from near North Star,
NNW of Warialda, NSW. Restricted to mixed
and disturbed brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) -
wilga (Geijera pamflora) - bclah ( Casnarina
cristata) - limebush (Ereuiocitrusglauca) - scrub
boonarec (Heterodenclnim divcrsifoliuni) - false
sandalwood (Eremapltila mitchclli) - vegetation
communities, and less commonly in Poplar Box
(Eucalyptus populuea) and silver leaved
ironbark (E. melanophloia) woodlands. This
species has particularly strong affinities with
wilga and E. mitcheilii. It is highly cryptic and
mobile, flying quickly and unobtrusively for >40
m, although usually much shorter distances. It
inhabits outer foliage of shrubs and trees, usually
where foliage is dense. Small size, colour, and
rapid flight make it a very difficult insect to see.
The ticking song is emitted incessantly during the
day, even during light rain. Where multiple
insects occur in the same tree or shrub, ticking
may occur in unison, although sometimes
fractionally offset. It occurs from late August/
September to February, based on collected
material and aural records.
SONG. (Figs 7-11; Table 2). A soft slow ticking
with pulse repetition rate in the range 1.0-3.2 per
second. This song is a distinctive field
identification character. Further technical and
comparative details of the songs follow the
taxonomic descriptions of Crotopsaha species.
ETYMOLOGY. Greek plexi(s ), stroke or sharp
percussion; refers to the slow sharp ticking song.
COMPARISON. This species is superficially
similar to Pauvopsalta stigmatica Distant.
446
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
Crotopsalta fronsecetes sp. nov.
(Figs 2, 3, 4, 7-1 L 37, Table 2)
Notopsalta sp. J: Ewart, 1998: 65, figs 10B, C, 13C.
MATERIAL. HOLOTYPE; d, QMT992I0,
Meadowlands Rec. Reserve, Carina/Bclmont, Brisbane,
Q., 9543/116587, 23.xii.1997.
PARATYPES: SOUTH AND CENTRAL
QUEENSLAND: 3d, 1 9, -4 km N. from Glendon-Peak
Downs Hwy Rd jet, AE, 22.X.2000, 21°37.27’S
148°39.47E; Id, As previously, Rec spec 1; Id, As
previously, Rec spec 2; Id, -8 km SW Homevale HS,
Homevale NP, AE, 23.X.2000, 2l a 2S.67S I48°27.69’E;
Id, -9 km SW Homevale HS, Homevale NP, AE,
23.X.2000, 21°29.48'S 148°27.25’E; Id, ~7.5 km WSW
Homevale HS, Homevale NP, AE, 23.X.2000. 21°28.0rS
I48°27.58'E: 2d, 1 9, 25°12’S 148°59'E, Expedition Ra
NP, 'Amphitheatre"eamp, 560m, 17.xii. 1997, SE, CB, AE,
Mv lamp, open forest; 13d, 89, The Amphitheatre, NW
Robinson Goige N.P., 25°I2.07S 148°59.43’E, Open
Forest, I7.xii.1997, AE, CB, SE; 3d, Fitzroy R xing, 68
km NW Rockhampton, 10.x. 1999, AE, 23° 10.8 FS
149 l ’55.08 , E; Id, As previously, Rec (spec I); Id, As
previously, Rec (spec 2); Id, Boomer Ra NP, NW
Rockhampton, AE, CB, GBM, SE, 30.ix. 1999,23° 12.88’S
149 t ’44.37’E, Ree; Id. Amphitheatre, Expedition Range
NP, 560m., 18.xii.l997, 25°I2'.S 148°59’E, AE, Rec box;
2d, 41km SE Childers, Bruce Hwy, 30.X.200I, AE,
25°23.22’S 152°36.03’E; Id. As previously, Rec spec I;
1 d, As previously, Rec spec 2; 2 9,9.0 km N W Yaamba,
Bruee Hwy., S.xi.200l, AE, light, 23°06.22’S 150°l 7.49’E;
1 d, As previously, Rec spec I; Id* As previously, Rec
spec 2; 16d, 29, Gurulmundi. Miles, heath, 26°25.20’S
I49°59.50*E, 9.x. 1997, AE; I d, As previously, Rec; I d,
Gurulmundi, Miles, heath, 26 o 25.20'S 149 o 59.50*E,
25.ix.1997, AE; 5d, 1 9, Gurulmundi heath, N. of Miles,
22. xi.1997, 26°25.20*S I49°59.50 , E, AE; 16d, 49,
Meadowlands Reserve, Carina/Belmont, Brisbane,
9543/116587, 23.xii.1997: Id, As previously, Rec; Id,
Gurulmundi heath, N. Miles, 17.x, 1998, 26°25.13’S
149°59.48 r E, AE; 2 d, As previously, Rec; 1 d, 1 9,7.2 km
N.E. Maclagan, 19x2004, AE,27°03.13’S I5I 4, 41.64’E, In
Cop; Ree "(male) (AE). 3d, Meadowlands Park,
Carindale, ll.xi.2000, LVVT, 351-0021, 0022; lid, I 9,
Meadowlands Park, Carindale. 22.xf.l998, LW&RP,
351-0003 to 351-0014; 5d, Meadowlands Park,
Carindale, 24.X.1998, LW&RP, 351-0016 to 351-0020;
4d, I 9 Meadowlands Park. Carindale, 16.x,2001, LWP,
351-0024 to 351-0028; 5d, 1 9, Minto Crags (south face),
S Boonah, 3.xi.2001, LWP, JM, RS, 351-0030 to 0036:
1 d, Minto Crags (south face), S. Boonah, 3.xi.2001, LWP,
JM, RS, minidise (LWP); 4d, Gurulmundi SF, 28 km N.
Miles, 2-3.xii.1999, JM, LWP, 355-0001 to 0004: Id
Meadowlands Park, 6.xii. 1998, LWP, ax Casuarinaglauca
351-0029; Id, Meadowlands Park. Carindale, Brisbane,
23. xii.l997. LWP, Casuarina glauca , Rec, 351-0015
(LWP). | 9, 25 n 26 , Sxl50 o 0l , E, Boggomoss No. 3, via
Taroom, 12.xi.l9964.l997, DC, GBM, Baited Flight
Intercept 041; Id, 25°0FS I47°57E, Rangers HQ, Ml.
Moffat NP, 2.xii.l997, SE, CL, JS, mv lamp; 14d, 11 9,
25°I2’S I48°59’E, ‘Amphitheatre’ campsite, Expedition
Ra NP, 560in, 17.xii.1997, CB, SE, AE, mv lamp, open
forest; lid, 159, 24°54’ I48°59’E, Expedition Ra NP,
‘Amphitheatre’ camp, 560 m, 18.xii.l997, AE, CB, SE,
mv lamp, open forest; 1 9,23°12’Sx 149°64’E, Boomer Ra,
Mongrel Scrub Site 7, vine scrub, 220 m.,
16. xifl999-2.iii.2000, GBM, intercept 9119 (QM). Id,
Rockhampton, 5.U968. FRW (UQ1C). Id, 19, The
Amphitheatre, NW Robinson Gorge NP, 25°12.07’S
148°59.43’E, open forest, 17.xii.l997, AE, CB, SE,
(BMNH). Id, 19, Tlie Amphitheatre, NW Robinson
Gorge NP, 25°I2.07’S I48 0 59.43’E, open forest
17. xTi.1997, AE, CB, SE, (ANIC). Id, 19, The
Amphitheatre, NW Robinson Gorge NP, 25°I2.07’S
148°59.43’E, open forest, I7.xii.l997, AE, CB, SE,
(MSM).
DESCRIPTION (Male). Figs 3, 4, 37A. Head .
Black and pale brown. Supra-antcnnal plate
black with small lanceolate pale to yellow brown
area between ocelli, pointing anteriorly, and
extending to posterior plate margin; pale brown
zone enclosing bases of antennae along anterior
rim of plate (not always present). Ocelli red.
Compound eyes dark brown. Postclypcus black
with pale brown anterior margin. Gena and
mandibular plate black with silver pubescence.
Anteclypeus black, in some specimens grading
pale brown distally. Rostrum dark brown, darker
apically. Antennae dark brown.
Thorax . Black to brown. Pronotum with narrow
central fascia pale brown enclosed by broad
black envelope which flares outwards adjacent to
both anterior and posterior pronotal margins;
broken black areas between anterior and
posterior oblique fissures, and also along and
lateral to the posterior oblique fissures;
remaining colour medium brown; pronotal collar
black anteriorly and at comers, otherwise pale
brown; markedly ampliatc along lateral margins.
Mesonotum with a pair of anterior broad
paramedian obconical areas coalescing medially
and extending longitudinally to near the
cruciform elevation; a pair of broad lateral
fasciae tapering distally and extending to, and
partially enclosing, the outer arms of the
cruciform elevation; cruciform elevation and
mesonotum pale to medium brown; arms of
cruciform elevation black in some specimens;
wing grooves pale brown rimmed by silver
pubescence.
Wings. Fore wing venation pale to medium
brown, darker distally; pale sandy brown to
translucent costal vein; venation proximal to
basal cell pale yellow brown; ptcrostigma deep
reddish-brown to dark brown; weakly developed
costal node; basal membrane sandy brown. Hind
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
447
FIG 3. Crotopsalta fmnsecetes. A, Lateral abdomen view; B, fore and hind wings; C, timbal; the right-hand
edge as shown represents the posterior margin, the top the dorsal edge; D, opcreula; E, and F, lateral and ventral
views of pygofer. Length of pygofer l .6mm. Scale bars=1 mm except wings (3mm). Drawings from specimens
from the Expedition Range National Park.
wing venation medium to dark brown; plaga
opaque off-white colour extending narrowly
along the margin of the 3A vein.
Legs . Fore coxae pale brow n w ith extensive deep
to medium brown areas on anterior and lateral
surfaces; mid and hind coxae black to dark brown
on antcrio-lateral faces; pale brown on inner
(medial) faces. Fore femora and trochanters
black to deep brown on anterior faces, with dark
to medium brown and pale brown diffuse
longitudinal fascia on lateral faces; mid and hind
femora and trochanters pale browm with darker
brown longitudinal fasciae. Tibiae dark to pale
brown, paler on mid to hind legs. Tarsi pale
brown, darker distally, with dark brown claws.
Operculoe. Rounded distal margins; pale yellow
brown between the distal areas to transverse
sutures; basal parts varies from mostly brow n to
black, to only darkly coloured along lateral
margins; localised pale brown at crest around
dorsolateral basal corners; meracantha yellow-
brown, elongated with acute termination apical ly,
extending over medial areas; distal margins of
opereulae extend to anterior paramedial margin
of sternite II.
Timbals. Although ribs 1-3 are always fused
vcntrally, rib 4 is variable in some specimens; it is
either fused or weakly fused to ribs 1-3 (most
common), or is not fused to ribs 1-3; it also may
be either continuous across timbal or discon¬
tinuous in the thinned median region; the anterior
rib 5 is also variable in different specimens,
varying from a small remnant to a shortened rib
extending to median area; three to four short ribs
are present, sometimes thin and poorly defined.
Abdomen. Tergites pale brow n to reddish brown,
usually grading darker in colour on tergites 5-7;
each tergite has a black dorsal area, each of which
narrows towards posterior margin and becomes
progressively smaller towards tergite 7; this
448
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
FIG. 4. Crotopsalta fronsecetes with slower than normal ticking rate. A, Lateral abdomen view; B, fore and hind
wings: C, timbal; the right-hand edge as shown represents the posterior margin, the top the dorsal edge; D,
opereula; E, and k lateral and ventral views of pygofer. Length of pygofer 1.6mm. Scale bars = 1mm except
wings (3mm). Drawings from specimens from heath at Gurulmundi, north of Miles.
pattering gives the overall appearance of a black
fascia extending dorsally along abdomen, black
colouration on tergite 2 extends laterally along
anterior margin towards and including the
auditory capsules, this being dark brown
centrally; tergites 3-6 (±7) have well defined, but
relatively localised black areas of colouration
developed laterally; distal margins of each
tergite, including intersegmental membranes,
yellow-brown to pale brown. Stemite II medium
to dark brown, black in vcntro-medial area;
sternites 111-VII uniformly pale to medium
brown, darker distally; stemite VIII medium to
dark brown.
Genitalia . Pygofer colour dark brown grading to
black distally. Other details as in generic
characters.
FEMALE. Fig. 37B. Head similar to male.
Postelypeus with more extensive pale brown
colouration and dark brown transverse ridges.
Pronotum and pronotal collar similar to male but
with black colouration reduced in extent.
Mcsonotum similar to male, but with broad black
fasciae reduced in width, and greater area of
brown colouration, including cruciform
elevation. Wings as in male, fore wing basal
membrane and hind wing plaga pale
pinkish-brown. Legs similar to male. Abdomen
similar to male, but with generally reduced
darker colouration dorso-laterally. The tergite
dorsal black areas, in some specimens, continue
as thinned streaks dorso-laterally and coalesce
with the darker lateral areas; black anterior
colouration on tergite 2 is discontinuous
paramedially; distal tergite margins pale
yellow-brown to brown; tergite 8 with a pair of
bluntly terminated paramedial, slightly curved
black fasciae, extending approximately
three-quarters along the length of the tergite, the
dark colouration also extending dorsolatcrally
along the anterior margin of tergite. Sternites II-
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
449
VI pale sandy brown; stemitc VII with small
black discontinuous area adjacent to distal edge.
Ovipositor sheath extends <0.5mm beyond
tergitc 9.
MEASUREMENTS. N=lld, 109. BL:6 9.1-11.9
(11.0); 9 11.2-12.4(11.7). FIVL: d 10.7-13.2(12.4); 9
12.7-13.5(13.1). HIV 6 2.8-3.6(33); 9 3.2-3.7 (3.4).
pm 6 15-3.2(3.1); 9 2.9-3.4 (3.2). AW 6 2.6-33(3.1);
9 2 8-3.6 (3.2). FIVL/BR: 6 2.63-3.04(2.83); 9 2.66-2.88
(2.78).
DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT & BEHAVIOUR
(Fig. 2). Occurs widely through Queensland
from Mt. Maroon area in the southeastern comer,
through Brisbane, northwards including areas
north of Maryborough, Emu Park (aural record,
east of Rockhampton) to the Homcvale National
Park region (southwest of Mackay). Inland
distributions extend from north of Miles to the
Expedition Range National Park (southeast of
Rollcston) and the Mt. Moffat and Camvarvon
National Parks (latter an aural record). It appears
to be a localised species, but common to
abundant where present. It occurs dominantly in
cucalypt woodland, including narrow-leaved
ironbark (Eucalyptus crehra)\ silver-leaved
ironbark ( E . nichmophloia ) and mountain
coolibah (£. orgadophila ) and associated lower
tree layers, especially acacias (e.g. A.
concurrens). It is also found in open casuarina
woodland (e.g. C. cristata ), less commonly in
surrounding long grass and shrubs (e.g. wild
cottonbush, Gomphocarpus physocarpus , in
disturbed areas), and isolated areas of False
Sandlevvood (Eremophila mitchcllii ). A
distinctive and apparently atypical localised
occurrence is in heath near Gurulmundi (north of
Miles) where this species occurs abundantly in
Kunzca opposita and Melaleuca uncinata. This
occurrence is of further interest as the ticking
song is slightly slower than normal (see below).
C. fronsecetes is highly cryptic, small, very wary
and fast flying. It most often inhabits branches
within tree foliage, moving frequently between
branches and also readily between trees. In warm
weather, the rapid ticking song is emitted
incessantly from morning to late afternoon. In
cooler weather, singing occurs between late
morning and mid afternoon. Occurs Scptembcr-
January, most abundant in December.
SONG (Figs 7-11; Table 2). A soft rapid ticking
with pulse repetition rate between 5.0-11.5 per
second. This is intermediate between C. plexis
and C. strennhim (Fig. 11). The population from
the Gurulmundi heath location is notable for its
consistently slower pulse repetition rate than
observed elsewhere, the respective means and
standard deviations (field recordings) being
5.9±0.6 compared to 8.1 ±1.5 for all data. The
individually measured pulse rates do, however,
overlap and in view of their close morphological
and colour similarities (Figs 3, 4) and the
similarity of pulse structures (Fig. 8), there is no
justification for defining the Gurulmundi
population as a separate species or subspecies.
ETYMOLOGY. Latin from and Greek ccetcs , meaning
foliage dweller.
Crotopsalta strcnulum sp. nov.
(Figs 2, 5, 7-11,38, Table 2)
MATERIAL. HOLOTYPE; d, QMT992U, Nogoa R.
xing. Emerald, C.Q., Ew^art, 25 Oct 2000, 23°31.95'S
148°10.12’E.
PARATYPES: SOUTH AND CENTRAL
QUEENSLAND: 3d, Nogoa R xine. Emerald, AE,
25.X.2000, 23°31 .95’S 148°10.12E; Id, As previously,
Field Rec; Id, As previously, Rcc spec 1; Id, As
previously, Rcc spec 2; 16d, 33 km E. of summit
Expedition Ra, AE, 26.X.2000, 24°39.13 , S 149D2.57E;
1 d. As previously, Rec spec 1; Id, As previously, Rec
spec 2; 1 d, As previously, Rec spec 3; 1 d, 5.6 km W.
Summit Expedition Ra, (36 km W, Bauhinia), Hwy,
13.ii.1999, AE, grass, 24°37.03’S 148°54.83’E, Rcc; 16d,
16km E Muckadilla, grassland, 16,xii.2000, AE,
26°34.95'S 148°32.74’E; Id, As previously, Rcc spec 1;
1 d. As previously, Rec spec 2; 12d, 1 exuviae, Nogoa R,
E side Emerald, grass, open shrubland, 14.xii.2000, AE,
1R, 23°31.95'S 148°10.16 , E; 2d, 5.7 km W Expedition Ra
summit, Rolleston Rd, grass, AE, 29.xii.2002, 24°36.70’S
148°5S.46'E; l d, As previously, Rec; 2 9, Nogoa R, E side
Emerald, grass, open shrubland, 13.xii.2000, AE, 1R,
23°31,95'S 148° 10.16'E; 8 d, Wyscby-Camarvon Rd jet,
200m W, CQ, grass, AE, 15.xii.2004. 23°58.24’S
148°31.49'E; Id, As previously, Rec; Id, 1.2km W
Wyscby-Camarvon Rd jet, CQ, grass, AE, 18.xii.2004,
24°5S.39'S 148°31.06’E; Id, 3.4km W Wyscby-
Camarvon Rd jet, CQ„ grass, AE, 18.xii.2004,24°59.00’S
148°29.97E (AE). 9d, 49, Wcstbrock Ck, 7 km W
Drayton, 29.xi.2001, LWP, JM, 353-0001 to -0004; Id,
Westbrook Ck, 7 km W Dravton, 29,xi.2001, LWP; Id,
24°54'51 ”S 148°0r31 M E, Rotary Shed, Mt Moffat NP,
163.2005, LWP, 353-0015 (LWP). Id, 25°08.22*S
147°30.37E, Mt. Moffat NP, W. Branch Maranoa R,
21 .xi. 1995,660m Irwin, Gaimari, DY, CB, malaise (QM).
Id, Nogoa R, E side Emerald, grass, open shrubland,
13. xii2000, AE, IR, 23°31,95’S 148°10.16’E (BMNH).
Id, Nogoa R, E side Emerald, grass, open slirubland,
14. xii.2000, AE, 1R, 23°31.95’S 148°10.16E (ANIQ.
1 d, Nogoa R, E side Emerald, grass, open shrubland,
13.xii.2000, AE, 1R, 23°31.95'S 148°10.16E (MSM).
DESCRIPTION (Male). Figs 5, 38A. Head.
Sandy brown and black. Supra-antennal plate
450
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
FIG 5. Crotopsalta strenulum. A, Lateral abdomen view; B, fore and hind w ings; C, timbal; the right-hand edge
as show n represents the posterior margin, the top the dorsal edge; D, opcrcula; E, and F, lateral and ventral views
of pygofer. Pygofcr length 1.4mm. Scale bars = 1 mm except wings (3mm). Drawings based on specimens from
near the summit of the Expedition Range, west of Bauhinia, and Nogoa River at Emerald (abdomen only).
black with small yellow-brown area between
ocelli, extending to distal margin; a pair of
localised small sandy brown areas enclosing
bases of antennae. Postclypcus pale brown with
transverse ridges and central area black. Gena
and mandibular plate black. Ocelli red.
Compound eyes dark brown. Anteclypeus dark
brown to black. Rostrum pale brown, darker
apically. Antennae dark brown.
Thorax. Sandy brown and black. Pronotum dom¬
inantly sandy brown; central fascia yellow-
brown enclosed by narrow black envelope which
flares outwards along the anterior and especially
posterior pronotal margins; small broken
irregular black areas between anterior and
posterior oblique fissures, and dark brown
colouration extending along posterior oblique
fissure; pronotal collar yellow- brown, darker at
lateral comers; markedly ampliate along lateral
margins. Mesonotum sandy brown with a pair of
anterior broad, but short black obconical fasciae
which coalesce near anterior margin of
mesonotum and which extend distally about half
way to cruciform elevation; a pair of black broad
lateral fasciae tapering distally, extending to
anterior arms of cruciform elevation; cruciform
elevation pale sandy brown, with diffuse darker
brown colouration between anterior anus; wing
grooves pale sandy brown with silver
pubescence along margins.
Wings . Fore wing venation pale to medium
brown, darkening apically; costal vein pale sandy
brown to translucent; weakly developed node;
pterostigma dark reddish-brown; basal
membrane pale brown. Hind wing venation
brown, darkening apically; plaga opaque white,
extending partially along vein 3A.
Legs. Coxae pale sandy brown, with broad dark
brown anterior longitudinal fasciae. Trochanters
and femora sandy brown, with variable darker
brown longitudinal fasciae along antcrio-dorsal
edges, broader on fore femora. Tibiae and tarsi
pale brown to pale sandy brown, darker on
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
451
TABLE 2. Comparative song parameters of the four Crotopsalta ticking cicadas. U) Pulse doublets counted
as 1 pulse; (2, Container data only; (3) Spccifically the frequency of dominant spectral peaks.
C.plexis
C.fronsecetes
C.strenulum
C.poaecetes
1 Tick repetition rates (s' ! ,±a)
- Container recordings
1.81 ±0.50
(n~52)
7.4211.36
(n=40)
10.0411.08
(n=34)
4.4310.90* I,2)
(n=23)
- Field recordings (open sunlight)
2.75±0.15
(n~3)
8.14±1.85
(n=25)
15.7412.97
(n=6)
-
Field (Container) recordings
- Minimum
2.7(1.0)
5.0(5.0)
11.7(7.4)
(3.5) ,U)
- Maximum
2.9 (3.2)
11.5(9.5)
20.4(12.4)
(6.9)* U)
11 Pulse lengths and separations (ms,±la)
( a) First and second pulses clearly separate:
First pulse
8.1±1.3
(n=29)
8.611.7
(n=22)
7.810.5
(n=6)
7.911.0
(n=17)
Second pulse
5.111.2
3.911.0
3.810.9
-
lntcr-pulsc duration
18.415.3
13.513.0
10.211.1
32.614.2
(b) First and second pulses without clear separation:
First pulse
-
-
9.711.6
(n=15)
-
Second pulse
-
-
4.511.0
-
(c) Second and third pulses coalesced
into single pulse:
-
-
7.510.7
(n=6)
( (^Second and third pulses well defined but without separation:
Second pulse
-
-
-
3.511.3
(n=7)
Third pulse
-
-
-
6.711.0
Total length of pulse 2 + pulse 3
-
-
-
10.211.4
ffO Pulse 2 and 3 clearly separated:
Pulse 2
-
-
-
4.510.3
(n=3)
Pulse 3
-
-
-
5.210.6
Total length pulse 2 + pulse 3
.
-
-
9.710.9
111 Maximum Frequency (kllz) ,3>
14.7(n=34)
14.8(n=21)
14.9(n=27)
14.9(n-15)
Mean Frequency (Ml/)
13.1
13.2
13.9
13.7
forelegs. Claws pale brown, with dark brown
tips.
Operculae . Elongated, but with slightly
expanded and rounded at distal-medial margins;
colour pale yellow-brown; in some specimens,
localised darkening of colour occurs adjacent to
distolateral crest, on basal areas, and very
localised darkening on medial areas of cross
suture; mcracantha relatively acutely terminated;
distal margins extend distally to anterior
paramedial margin of stemite II.
Timbals. Ribs 1-4 fused vcntrally; rib 4 contin¬
uous across timbal, rib 5 shortened; 5short ribs.
Abdomen. Tcrgitcs 2 and 3 pale sandy brown,
grading to medium brown on tcrgitcs 4-8; black
areas present dorsally on each tergitc, each
narrowing distally, giving the overall appearance
of a continuous black dorsal fascia extending the
length of the abdomen; tergitc 2 additionally
possesses a thin, discontinuous black anterior
margin in some specimens; tergites 3-7 with
localised medium to dark brown irregular lateral
patches; auditory capsules centrally yellow
brown with diffuse, thin black to dark brown
margins. Sternites 11 and III yellow-brown,
grading to chestnut brown in sternites IV-VII;
452
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
stemitc II with a small medium black patch near
posterior margin; stemite VIII medium brown.
Genitalia. Pygofer medium to dark brown.
Upper lobe extended into small, acutely rounded
shape. Other details as in generic description.
FEMALE. Fig. 38B. Head: Supra-antcnnal plate
dark brown to black with anterior-pointing
triangular yellow-brown spot between ocelli, and
small pale areas enclosing bases of antennae.
Postclypeus sandy brown with dark brovvn
transverse ridge and central area. Pronotum with
pale yellow-brown central fascia enclosed by
thin darker brown envelope which only slightly
flares outwards along the anterior and posterior
pronotal margins; remaining pronotum sandy
brown with thin curved slightly darker brown
dorso-lateral fascia. Mesonotum sandy brovvn
with a pair of short broad paramedial obconical
black fasciae, broken by veinlcts of pale
colouration, and almost or very weakly fused
anteriorly; a pair of broad lateral fasciae
extending to anterior arms of cruciform
elevation, as in male, but broken by veinlets and
lobes of pale brown colouration. Legs similar to
male, but generally paler. Abdomen; tergites
variably coloured pale to medium brown, with
dorsal black areas absent (as seen in male),
although local darker brown lateral areas present
on tergites 3-5; overall colour of tergites are paler
than in male; tergite 9 with pale to medium brown
paramedial fasciae extending distally approx¬
imately three-quarters of the length of tergite.
Stemites uniformly sandy brown. Ovipositor
sheath extends < 1mm beyond tergite 9.
MEASUREMENTS. N=10d,69. BL: d 8.6-10.4(9.8);
9 10.3-11.9(11.0). FJVL: d 10.0-11.4(10.7); 9 11.8-12.1
(11.9). HW: 6 2.7-3.0 (2.8); 9 3.0-3.3 (3.1). PW: d
2.5-3.0 (2.7); 9 2.8-3.0 (2.9). AW: d 2.5-3.1 (2.9); 9
3.1-3.4(32). FIVL/BR: d 2.39-2.72(2.57); 9 2.42-2.58
(2.51).
DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT & BEHAVIOUR
(Fig. 2). A very small cicada occurring in open
grassland and grassland within open woodland.
It is a very cryptic, fast flying and waiy species,
constantly moving (up to ~5m) when singing. In
between singing phases, it will sit quietly on
grass stems. Distributed southcastwards from
Emerald to over the Expedition Range between
Rolleston and Bauhinia. Other occurrences in
southern Queensland include the Mt. Moffat
National Park; Wyseby; 25km \V of Roma (in
mitchell grassland); and 7 km west of Drayton.
The populations are usually extremely common,
but very localised, typically limited to areas less
than approximately 300m diameter. An
exception was located near Wyseby where the
cicada occurred continuously in grassland along
the Carnarvon National Park road for 3.4km. A
preference for clay-rich alluvial and basalt soils
is suggested by available data. Available records
are during October to February.
SONG (Figs 7-11; Table 2). An extremely rapid
ticking, the fastest of the four Crotopsalta species
described, providing a diagnostic field criterion.
The pulse repetition rate lies in the range 7.4-20.4
per second.
ETYMOLOGY. Latin stivnu, active and diminutive suffix
- ulum ; referring to its small size and active behaviour.
Crotopsalta poaecetes sp. nov.
(Figs 2, 6, 7-11,39, Table 2)
MATERIAL. HOLOTYPE; d, QMT99212, Cloncuny
E. side, NWQ., 3 Feb 1999, AE., 20°4327S 140°31.32^
Recorded.
PARATYPES: NORTHWESTERN QUEENSLAND:
4d, 29, Cloncuny, E side, 3.ii.l999, AE, 20°43.27 f S
140°31.32’E; 9d, 1 9,11 kni E Cloncurry Hwy, 4.ii.l999
AE, 20°43.41'S 140°37.47E; 1 d, Cloncurry Rbridge, 1.2
km W. Cloncuny. 4.ii.l999, AE, 20°42.24 , S 140°29.88'E;
6d,~2 km SE Cloncurry, grass, AE, 23.i.2000,20°43.52'S
I4CP31.10'E; 5d, 49, -2 km SE Cloncurry, grass, AE,
2512000, 20°43.52’S 140°31.I0 , E; Id, As previously
Rec; 2d, 29, ~2 km SE Cloncurry, grass, AE, 243.2000,
20"43.52’S 140°31.10 , E; Id, As previously, Rcc; 2d, 29
km W Cloncuny, grass, AE, 243.2002, 20°44.27'S
140° 15.0 PE; I d, As previously, Rec, 1 d, Quamby, 44 km
N. Cloncurry, AE, grass and forbs, 253.2002, 2(P22.48'S
140 a 17.l9*E, Rec; Id; Dajarra township, grass, AE,
203.2002, 21°41.76 , S 13931.05’E, Rec spec 1; Id, As
previously, Rcc spec 2; 2d, 34 km E Cloncuny, grass, AE,
263.2002, 20°41.59’S 140°48.86’E; Id, As previously,
Rec (AE). I d, 29km WCloncurry,grass, AE,243.2002,
20°44.27'S l40°l5.0rE (BMNH). Id, 34 kin E
Cloncuny, grass, AE, 263.2002, 20°4I.59'S 140*48.86'E
(ANIC). I d, -2 km SE Cloncuny, grass, AE, 253.2000,
20°43.52'S 140°31.1O'E (MSM).
DESCRIPTION (Male). Figs 6, 39A. Head.
Pale sandy brown and black. Supra-antennal
plate partially black, with the following: a pair of
lozenge-shaped pale sandy brown areas, joined
adjacent to the distal margin of head, and
splaying outwards anteriorly, thereby partially
enclosing the two posterior ocelli and
terminating adjacent to, but not enclosing, the
anterior ocelli; a pair of inward pointing pale
sandy brown to brown areas adjacent to inner
margins of compound eyes; a small pale area
between the anterior ocelli and postclypeus;
sandy brown colouration along dorso-anterior
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
453
FIG. 6. Crotopsaltapoaecetes. A, Lateral abdomen view; B, fore and hind wings; C, timbal; the right-hand edge
as shown represents the posterior margin, the top the dorsal edge; D, opcreula; E, and F, lateral and ventral
views of pygofer. Pygofer length 1.4mm. Scale bars represent 1mm except wings (3mm). Drawings from
specimens from Cloneurry, northwestern Queensland.
margin of plate, extending around bases of
antennae. Ocelli red. Compound eyes dark
brown. Gena and mandibular plate pale sandy
brown, with narrow blaek margin adjaeent to
anteelypeus; silver pubeseenee conspicuous.
Postelypeus with anterior central area entirely
pale yellow-brown, enclosed by a narrow and
discontinuous dark brown to blaek marginal
zone; blaek to dark brown transverse ridges;
remaining area pale sandy brown. Anteelypeus
pale sandy brown with small eentral brown area.
Rostrum sandy brown grading to darker brown
apieally and along eentral suture. Antennae dark
brown, paler apieally.
Thorax . Pale sandy brown and dark brown.
Pronotum and pronotal eollar entirely pale sandy
brown; pronotal eollar along lateral margin
weakly ampliate. Mesonotum with a pair of
anterior obconieal, short, brown and broad
paramedial faseiae, fused medially, with diffuse
distal terminations whieh extend distally
approximately one-third of the length of the
mesonotum; a pair of broad, oblique lateral
brown faseiae, diffusively terminated anteriorly,
inward pointing distally; a pair of thin brown
oblique faseiae between the two sets of broad
faseiae (i.e. lateral and paramedial); a blaek,
irregular eentral spot anterior to the erueiform
elevation; remaining areas pale sandy brown,
ineluding the erueiform elevation and the wing
grooves, the latter with marginal silver
pubeseenee.
Wings, Fore wing venation very pale
yellow-brown to translueent; elearly developed
node on eostal vein; eostal vein exhibits gentle
but quite distinct anterior eurvature; pterostigma
pale yellow brown, translueent; basal membrane
pale sandy brown. Hind wing colouration as in
fore wing; plaga opaque white, extending
adjaeent to 3 A vein.
Legs. Dominantly pale sandy brown. Foreleg
tarsi tending darker brown. Thin pale to medium
brown longitudinal faseiae are present along the
anterio-dorsal margins of the fore and mid
454
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
femora; three dark brown spines on fore femora.
Claws dark brown apically.
Operculae. Elongated but slightly expanded and
rounded at distal-medial margins; entirely pale
sandy brown except for a small pale brown area
adjacent to crest around distolateral margins;
meracantha rounded and poorly developed.
Timbals. Ribs 1-3 extend across timbal; anterior
rib 5 very short; rib 4 intermediate in length, not
fused to ribs 1-3 ventrally; four short ridges.
Abdomen. Tergites dominantly sandy brown,
grading to pale brown distally; diffuse black to
brown medio-dorsal areas, which are most
extensive on tergitc 2, becoming progressively
smaller and paler towards tergitc 7; these darker
areas do not extend to distal tergite margins;
auditory capsules pale sandy brown, rarely with
small brown marking adjacent to central areas;
brown diffuse lateral patches on tergites 3 to 4,
becoming more weakly developed distally.
Stemites II and III pale sandy brown, grading to
pale brown towards stemites VII and VIII.
Genitalia. Pygofer variable pale to medium
brown. Otherwise as in generic description.
FEMALE. Fig. 39B. Similar to male but with
reduced areas of darker colouration. Supra-
antennal plate as in male, with decreased black
colouration along distal and lateral margins.
Postclypeus as in male but with the areas of
brown colouration paler and redueed in extent.
Pronotumas in male. Mesonotum similar to male
with reduction in size of anterior obeonieal
fasciae which are not fused medially, and are
paler brown; the lateral oblique fasciae are paler
brown and fragmented in extent; two small
brown spots adjacent to anterior amis of cruci¬
form* elevation. Legs pale sandy brown with
apices of claws brown. Tergites pale sandy
brown, with paramedial darker brown areas on
tergites 2-4, which are paler and greatly redueed
on tergite 4, and absent on tergites 5-9; dorsal
surface of tergites with well defined pale sandy
brown, with fine silver pubescence, giving
overall appearance of weak dorsal fascia; diffuse
pale brownish ventrolateral patches on tergites
3-7. Stemites pale sandy brown. Ovipositor
sheath extends -0.5 mm beyond tergite 9.
MEASUREMENTS. N - 10d, 99. BL: 6 8.7-10.8
(l 0.0); 9 10.4-10.9 (10.7). FWL: 6 9.9-11.4 (10.7); 9
1L4-12.2 (11.8). HIV: 6 2.5-3.0 (2.8); 9 2.7-3.0 (2.9).
PW: 6 24-2.8 (2.7); 9 2.8-3.1 (2.9). All: 6 2.8-3.3 (3.1);
9 2.9-33(3.1). FIVUBR : 6 2.33-2.87 (2.57); 9 2.42-2.83
(2.63).
DISTRIBUTION, HABITAT & BEHAVIOUR
(Fig. 2). A species restricted to open grassland
and grassland in open forest, occurring in
northwest Queensland. It occurs in a variety of
grass species including buffcl grass ( Cenchnts
eiHaris), Queensland blucgrass (Diclwnthiwn
sericewn ), and silky browntop (Eulalia a urea).
This cicada is wary, highly cryptie and readily
Hies, singing whilst sitting on grass stems and in
associated forbs. The species is most widespread
in the Cloncurry region, extending to Dajarra and
Quamby, but is not recorded from Mt. Isa.
ETYMOLOGY. Greek poa and eceies, grass dueller.
SONG (Figs 7-11; Table 2). A relatively slow
tieking song, generally intermediate between the
C. plexis and C. fronsecetes tick rates, ranging
between 3.5-6.9 per sccond(s’ 1 ). The licks
aurally sound to be single tieks, but when
examined at higher resolution, comprise distinet
double pulses of nearly equal amplitude.
ANALYSIS OF THE TICKING SONGS OF
CROTOPSALTA CICADAS
The genus is characterised by relatively simple
ticking songs. Although a number of other
Queensland species have tiek-like songs (e.g.
Pauropsalta dubia Coding & Froggatt; P. enuna
Coding & Froggatt; Urabunana marshatli
Distant; U. segmentaria Distant; and others
decribed below), detailed analyses of most of
these songs reveals their tiek-like structure to be
more complex than those described in
Crotopsalta , and are more appropriately termed
chirps (Ewart, 1998). The four Crotopsalta
species described occur within relatively diverse
habitats and regions, and their ticking songs
cannot be correlated with specific habitat types.
The cicadas are, however, all very small and
highly mobile in their behaviour patterns, but
these attributes are common in other small
Australian cicadas, some of which have
significantly more complex songs (e.g. U . verna
Distant; Cicadetta murrayensis Distant; Ewart &
Popple, 2001). Such ticking songs are significant
in the context of their apparent simplicity and
therefore apparently limited potential for
evolution of intcr-spccific song variations. Two
variables that seem to have been exploited,
however, are the pulse repetition rates and the
detailed pulse structures.
Waveform and envelope plots of the songs are
shown in Figs 7-9, and amplitude spectra of the
songs in Fig. 10. Comparative details of the
tieking songs (Table 2), indicate the following:
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
455
time (s) time (s)
FIG. 7. Waveform plots, comparing the broader pulse structures of the four Crotopsalta ticking cicadas: (a) C.
plexus, from 31 km W. of Mitchell, (b) C.fronsecetes, 41 km southeast of Childers, (c) C. strenulum , 5.7km east
of summit of Expedition Range, west of Bauhinia, central Queensland, (d) C. poaecetes. Dajarra, northwestern
Queensland. Each figure represents a recording made of insects within a container. The data have each been
filtered (FIR) to 1kHz.
(a) In all species, caeh tick structure comprises
two (or sometimes three in C. poaecetes) distinct
pulses which in Fig. 9 are numbered 1 and 2 (and
3 in the G poaecetes plot). With the exception of
some of G poaecetes songs, the second pulse has
a reduced amplitude (weakest in C.fronsecetes ),
resembling the simple ‘hand operated’ timbal
‘in-out’ movements illustrated by Joscphson &
Young (1985). In G strenulum , the two pulses
may partially coalesce or be separated (less
eonimon). In C. poaecetes , the amplitudes of
pulses 1, 2 and 3 are variable. If pulses 2 and 3
have coalesced, their combined amplitude is
similar to pulse 1. If pulses 2 and 3 are separated,
their amplitudes are reduced relative to pulse 1
(Fig. 9E). Attention is drawn to the differences in
detailed timbal structures of C. poaecetes
compared to the other three species, notably the
rib 4 that is clearly separate from ribs 1-3. This
suggests that the independent role of rib 4 could
be significant in the generation of pulses 2 or 3,
In contrast, the ventral fusion (or near fusion) of
ribs 1-4 in the other three speeies (see above)
suggests that these act in unison during the initial
‘in’ movement of the timbal in producing pulse 1,
and similarly for the fused ribs 1-3 in C.
poaecetes.
(b) Pulse repetition rates vary between all four
species, with some overlap occurring between C.
fronsecetes and C. strenulum songs. It is clear,
however, that temperature docs affeet the pulse
rates. Temperatures within the recording boxes
fall into a relatively narrow range (30-35°C) as
previously noted. Field recordings cannot be
constrained in terms of the insect temperatures as
these were made of insects singing in open
sunlight and in partial and constantly varying
shade conditions (c.g. in moving tree foliage),
typically at shade temperatures in excess of 30°C.
Comparison of container and field recordings
(Table 2; Fig. 11) indicate that the pulse rates arc
higher in field recordings, although they do not
greatly differ for G plexis and C.fronsecetes , but
are more significant for C. strenulum. Reasons
for these differences are attributed to the
microhabitats of the respective species, with C.
456
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
FIG 8. Expanded waveform plots comparing further detail of individual pulse structures of the four Crotopsalta
tieking eieadas. (a) and (b), C. plexis, from Kaimkillenbun, near Dalby, and 31km west of Mitchell,
respectively, (e) and (d), C. fronsecetes from Gurulmundi, near Miles, and 41km southeast of Childers,
respectively! (d) C. strenulwn , location as in Fig. 7C. (d) C. poaecetes , location as in Fig. 7D. Each based on
container recordings, eaeh filtered (FIR) to 1kHz.
strenulum, a grassland species, frequently
singing in open sunlight. In contrast, C. plexis
and C. fronsecetes sing within foliage under
variable shaded conditions. The tick rates
provide important field criteria for species
identification.
(c) Length of pulses 1 and 2 are very similar
(Table 2) in each species, consistent with a
similar meehanism of generation. Pulse 3 in C.
poaecetes is slightly longer than the pulse 2
length. The inter-pulse intervals (time duration
between start of pulses 1 and 2; Fig. 11; Table 2)
exhibit differences between species, noting the
ov erlap between C. plexis and C. fronsecetes.
The partial differences in pulse repetition rates
and inter-pulse intervals suggests that the
combination of these two variables can be used to
separate the four species. In Fig. 11 the data arc
subdivided according to container versus field
recordings, and the data fields indicate
systematic differences, and variability, between
and within species, especially when considering
the field and container data separately.
Importantly, differences between tick rates and
pulse structures are discernible and arc therefore
presumably utilised in species recognition.
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
457
FIG 9. Expanded envelope curves showing higher resolution structures of the ticking pulses, and the definitions
used in the text for the inter-pulse separation intervals, and pulse numbering, (a) C. plexis , location as in Fig.
7A. (b) C. fronsecetes , location as in Fig. 7B. (c) and (d) C. poaecetes , from Dajarra and 34km east of
Cloncurry, respectively. In (c), the coalescence of pulses 2 and 3 produce a higher amplitude second pulse,
compared to (d), in which pulses 2 and 3 are separated, each with lower amplitudes, (e) C, strenulum , location
as in Fig. 7C. Each plot based on container recordings, each filtered (FIR) to 1 kHz.
These differences are emphasised by other
variations in pulse structures in their respective
envelope eurves (Fig. 9A-E), especially notable
in C. strenulum and C poaecetes.
(d) Time expanded envelope eurves (Fig. 9)
indicate very abrupt initiation to the first pulses
of the ticks, with the possible exception of C.
fronsecetes , with the second pulse generally also
exhibiting relatively sharp initiations. The
structures of individual pulses illustrate further
complexities. Pulse 1 of C. plexis, for example,
exhibits at least four distinct ‘carrier pulse’
phases. The damping of the individual pulses
seems to approximate logarithmic decay curves,
with the exception of C. strenulum in which pulse
1 follows a more linear damping.
(e) Amplitude spectra (Fig, 10) are complex,
showing a series of broad frequency peaks
occurring between approximately 4 to near
18kHz (the latter the limit of recording
458
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
frequency (kHz) frequency (kllz)
FIG 10. Amplitude spectra of the songs of the four Crotopsalta ticking cicadas, (a) C. plexis ; (b) C.fronsecetes ;
(c) C. strenuhimx (d) C. poaecetes . Locations and other details as in Fig. 7A-D. respectively. Frequencies of the
main peaks are labelled (kl lz). Recordings filtered (FIR) to 0.5kHz.
capability)- Carrier frequencies of ^ 14kHz are
verified by counts of resolvable carrier pulses in
the amplitude envelope curves. The width of the
spectral peaks is attributable to the short duration
of the constituent sinusoidal pulses. The spectra
indicate no regular sequence of harmonic or side
band peak sets, but there is nevertheless a crude
periodicity in the modulation and grouping of the
peaks in each species, averaging approximately
1kHz. Specifically for C plexis , C. fronsecetes ,
C., xtrenulum and C. poaecetes , the means and
ranges of the observed periodicities are,
respectively (kHz): 1.066 (0.74-1.34); 1.09
(0.84-1.29); 1.07 (0.78-1.24); and 1.10
(0.58-1.47). The detailed irregularities suggest
frequency overtones. It is important to note that
the various frequency peaks are not present in the
background speetra, and are characteristics only
of the ticking songs, which clearly represent
complex periodic waves.
(0 The modulation frequencies defined by the
pulse repetition rates, the intcr-pulsc intervals
and the pulse lengths lie in the range of
approximately 2-300Hz. These arc very low
frequencies compared to the carrier frequencies
and are strongly developed in the amplitude
spectra as line spectra that decrease irregularly in
amplitude with increasing frequency. They are
generally weakly developed above 1kHz and for
clarity are filtered out in the spectra shown (Fig.
10 ).
(g) The amplitude differences between pulses 1
and 2 have been noted above. These differences
extend to the separate amplitude spectra prepared
separately for each of the pulses. Comparison
between pulse 1 and the composite amplitude
speetra made of multiple pulses (Fig. 10) reveals
good correspondence between the main peaks, as
expected by the higher amplitude of pulse 1.
Comparison of the speetra between pulses 1 and
2, however, reveals many detailed discrepancies
in the frequencies of the main peaks. For
example, in C plexis , C. fronsecetes , C.
strenulum and C poaecetes, respectively, only 9
close coincidences are observed out of the total of
22 combined peaks; 9 out of 17 peaks; 6 out of 22
peaks; and 9 out of 17 peaks. These point to a
variation in their mechanisms of generation
and/or radiation. One plausible explanation for
pulse 2 is by the ‘clicking back" of the timbal,
representing ehanged stress conditions
(Bennet-Clark. 1997; Fonseca & Popov, 1994).
In this scenario, the maximum amplitude of
vibration of the timbals during their outward
buckle is not as close, relative to pulse 1, to the
natural resonance frequency of the relevant parts
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
459
FIG 11 . Plots of pulse repetition rate versus inter-pulse
separation of the songs of the four Crotopsalta
ticking cicadas. Data subdivided into field
recordings (F; enclosed fields with fill) and container
recordings (C; enclosed fields without fill).
of the body (e.g. timbals, abdominal cavity, and
tympana) responsible for radiating the sounds
(Bennet-Clark, 1997; Fonseca & Popov, 1994),
i.c. the impedance of the sound radiating
structures is higher and the forced amplitude of
the body systems correspondingly reduced.
(h)Thc mean maximum and mean frequencies
measured arc > 13kHz for each species (Table 1),
but as shown above, the ticking songs are very
broadband, with distinct lower frequency peaks.
It needs to be noted that the frequency ranges
(Fig. 10) underestimate the higher frequency
range of the emitted ticks, as bat detector field
observations indicate that at close range,
frequencies extend (albeit weakly) to 45-60kHz.
The lower frequency peaks in the spectra of sueh
small cicadas are significant in view of the
correlation between decreasing body size and
increasing song frequencies (e.g. Bennet-Clark
& Young, 1994; Bradbury & Vehrencamp,
1998). Broadening of frequencies are, however,
characteristic of short and very sharp signals (e.g.
Bradbury & Vehrencamp, 1998). Fonseca &
Popov (1994), in their detailed study of the
similarly small Portugese cicada, Tympanistalna
gastrica St&l, showed that several separate
structures contribute differently to the radiation
of clicks and soft pulses. The timbals are the main
radiators of the dominant spectral peaks at
10-11kHz (clicks) and 12-13kHz (soft pulses),
the tympana arc important in radiation of
frequencies both below and above the timbal
peaks, while the abdomen is more important in
click generation at lower frequencies of
approximately 5kHz. The overall song of T.
gastrica is more complex than the ticking cicadas
described here, but the occurrence of the wide
range of frequency peaks of the clicking pulses
has close similarities.
POSSIBLE SIGNIFICANCE OF TICKING
SONGS
Ticking songs represent the most cryptic and
simplest of periodic patterns, characterised by
low amplitudes (at least below 18kHz), a very
high degree of redundancy and broad frequency
spectra, the latter producing marked ventriloquial
effects in the field. These attributes, when
coupled to the highly mobile behaviour of the
cicadas, negates the need for long distance sound
transmission (e.g. Romer & Lewald, 1992). The
simple patterns are thought relatively robust to
temporal degradation during sound transmission
(based on bat detector field recordings), and may
also minimise predation, the latter further aided
by the small size, soft calls, cryptic nature and
mobility of the Crotopsalta cicadas. As noted
above, field observations with a bat detector
indicate that at close range, frequencies extend
(albeit weakly) to 45-60 kHz. The wide
frequency range of the songs should, however,
facilitate more efficient survival of the essential
form of the signal due to loss and degradation by
absorption, scattering, boundary reflections and
refraction during propagation, all of which are
frequency dependant. Bat detector observations
confirm their strongly reflective properties from
the ground and surrounding vegetation without
obvious distortion. The wide frequency range
also provides an effective way to minimise
induced amplitude modulations due to wind
movement and turbulence within tree foliage,
together with frequency filtering of sound
propagating through foliage (e.g. Michelsen,
1992, Romer, 1992, 1993; Stephen & Hartley,
1991; Richards & Wiley, 1980; Michelsen &
Larsen, 1983; Romer & Lewald, 1992). In their
study of the propagation of pure tone bursts of 15
kHz frequency with variable duration (0.5-2 ms,
at 100 ms inter-burst intervals), comparable to the
ticking songs considered here, Stephen & Hartley
(1991) showed that pulses of increased duration
propagated better, i.e. the relative amplitudes of
the lower frequency segment of the envelope
spectrum were increased. At constant duration
(1ms), increasing distance results in shrinking of
the signal coherence until at 5*4 m, only the
460
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
15kHz carrier frequency remained coherent. In
the case of the Crotopscilta ticking songs, the
broadband frequencies will presumably offset
the predicted degradation effects. A further
potential value of the highest frequency
components of the ticking pulses is in sound
localisation (Gerhardt & Huber, 2002).
The inferred properties of the ticking songs are
therefore suggested to represent very flexible
recognition signals. Combined with the mobility
and small size of the cicadas, these attributes
should minimise predation. In fact, field
observations suggest that capture in spider webs
is perhaps the major predation threat. The pulse
repetition rates and pulse structures appear to
provide the differential characteristics that are
utilised for inter-specific song recognition.
Gagatopsalta gen. nov.
TYPE SPECIES. Gagatopsalta auranti sp. nov.
INCLUDED SPECIES. G auranti sp. nov.; G obscunis
sp. nov.
ETYMOLOGY Greek gagat. refening to the prominent
shiny/jet black appearance of extensive areas of the bodies
of the two described species.
DIAGNOSIS. Small cicadas, 10-13.5 mm total
body length. Head and thorax broadly
‘cylindrical’ in form; distance between lateral
ocelli similar to distance between lateral ocellus
and eye; head width (across eyes) slightly greater
than width of pronotum across lateral margins;
abdomen cylindrical, gently curving into pygofer
in dorsal view; pronotal collar markedly ampliate
along lateral margins and outwardly curved;
width of pronotum measured from lateral
margins similar to width of mesonotum measured
between fore wings. Head, thorax and tergites
predominantly a distinctive shiny (jeO black,
with subordinate orange-brown and/or
yellow-orange markings. Rostrum extends to
between mid and hind coxae. Wings hyaline,
without infuscation; fore wing costal vein even in
width to node, with gentle anterior curvature
proximal to node; sclcrotiscd anterior area of
costal vein narrow, less than eosta thickness;
intersection of CuA with M veins occurs
approximately one third to midway along length
of the first vein section (proximal to basal cell) of
the M vein (that lies along inner margin of radial
cell); the three distal vein sections that make up
the inner margins of the radial cell are all of
unequal length; 8 apical cells, which are, overall,
similar in length to the ulnar cells (some shorter,
some longer). Hind wing with 6 apical cells.
Operculae weakly elongated with a marked ridge
extending longitudinally along anterio-lateral
half of each opercula to, and terminating in distal
area; rounded along distal to medial margins;
mcracantha prominent, relatively acutely
terminated, extending over distal area of
opercula, and located asymmetrically towards
midline, near or at the inner margins of
operculae; inner margins of opposite operculae
widely separated. Abdomen with sternites
rounded and mostly projecting below the level of
tergites in lateral view. Timbals with five long
ribs, ribs 1 to 2 fused vcntrally; four short ribs;
dome on timbal plate lozenge-shaped, somewhat
elongated; distinct basal spur into which ribs 1 to
3 are fused dorsally. Pygofer broadly ovoid when
viewed dorsally; upper lobe prominent, extended
distally, with rounded termination; lower lobe
partially hidden behind upper lobe in lateral
view; inner lobe prominent, somewhat rounded
and extended ventrally; uncal lobes sharply
terminated and extended anteriorly; prominent
and rounded median process; beak relatively
short and obtusely terminated. Aedeagus trifid
with prominent sclerotiscd pseudoparameres,
sharply terminated apically; sclerotised shorter
ventral support and poorly sclerotised cndotheca.
Gagatopsalta auranti sp. nov.
(Figs 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 40, Table 3)
Notopsalta sp. H: Ewart, 1998: 64, 65, figs.9A. 14C.
MATERIAL. HOLOTYPE; d, QMT99213, Barakula
S.F., nr. Chinchilla, S.Q., Virgin brigalow, 15 Dec 1997,
26°14.42'S 150°4S.86’E, Ewart, Recorded.
PARATYPES: SOUTHEAST QUEENSLAND: 31 d,
30 9, Brigalow, 1km E Brigalow Township, AE,
22.xii.200l, 26°50.94’S I50°47.83’E; 2d, 149,
Brigalow-bclah, ‘Lakeview', nr. L Broadwater, via Dalby,
AE, 20.xii.200l, 27°8FS 15l°04.98 f E; 27d, 519,
Brigalow, L Broadwater, via Dalby, AE, 19.xii.2001,
27°20.42'S 151°05.65’E; Id, As previously, Rec spec 1;
Id. As previously, Rcc spec 2; 19, ‘Allinga" pty, N.
Chinchilla, brigalow, AE, 9.i.2002, 26°39.79'S
150°38.06'E; 29d, 24 9, ‘AllingaT Lithgow Rd.,
Chinchilla, 8.i. 1994; 1 ?, Brigalow Res. Sin., nr. Theodore,
NW Brigalow section, 18.xii.2000, AE, 24°47.93'S
149°45.45’E, Rec; Id, 59, Barakula SF, nr. Chinchilla,
virgin brigalow, 15.xii. 1997,26° 14.42’S 150 e 48.86’E, AE;
I d. As previously, Rec spec 1; Id, As previously, Rec
spec 2; 3 9, Brigalow Res. Stn., nr. Theodore, E brigalow
section, 19.xii.2000,AE,24°48.85’S I49°47.48 , E; Id,As
previously, Rec (AE). I 9, Kalbar, 17.xii. 1998, JM, LWP,
MV lamp. 367-0001 (LWP). 1 9, 26°13'S, 150°35’E,
Barakula, 23 km NNE, 18.xii.2001, GBM, DC, SW,
brigalow, 400m, 10313; 1 d,25°10'S, 150°01'E, Isla Gorge
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
461
FIG 12. G. aurcmti. A, Lateral abdomen view; B, fore and hind wings; C, timbal; the right-hand edge as shown
represents the posterior margin, the top the dorsal edge; D, opereula; E, and F, lateral and ventral views of
pygofer. Pygofer length 2.1mm. Seale bars = 1mm except wings (3mm). Drawings based on specimens from
the northern Barakula State Forest, north of Chinchilla, and near Chinehilla (genitalia only).
NP, NE comer, 240m., 3,iii.l998, Mv lamp, CB, SE
(QM). 1 (5, 19, brigalow, L Broadwater, via Dalby, AE
19.xii.2001,27°20.42’S 151°05.65’E (BMNH) 1 c5,1 9,
brigalow, L Broadwater, via Dalby, AE, 19.xii.2001,
27°20.42'S 15 1°05.65'E (ANIC). 1 <J, 1?,
brigalow-belah, ‘Lakeview’, nr. L Broadwater, via Dalby,
AE, 20.xii.2001,27°8rS 151°04.98‘E (MSM).
DIAGNOSIS. Given under G. obscurus sp. nov.
DESCRIPTION (Male). Figs 12, 40A. Head.
Supra-antennal plate shiny black with small
lanceolate medial, sandy brown fascia, anteriorly
pointing, extending from distal margin of plate
(between the lateral ocelli), terminating
proximally to the anterior ocellus; small
discontinuous sandy brown spots extend along
the anterior dorsal margin of the plate, adjacent to
the postclypeus, but not reaching to the bases of
the antennae. Ocelli pink to pale red. Gena and
mandibular plate shiny black with conspicuous
silver pubescence. Postclypeus dominantly
shiny black including transverse ridges, with a
very small and short pale sandy brown fascia in
medial anterior area, extending in some
specimens to the dorsal postclypcal surface as a
triangular pale brown area, a narrow but well
defined pale sandy brown margin encloses the
frons. Anteclypcus shiny black with small dark
brown dorso-medial area. Compound eyes dark
brown, their outer distal margins clearly
separated from pronotum. Rostrum medium
brown grading to black apically. Antennae dark
brown to black.
Thorax. Pronotum shiny black with small
orange-brown central fascia which extends from
anterior to approximately one half (or less) the
distance to the posterior margin; pronotal collar
entirely shiny black. Mcsonotum with a pair of
anterior short, broad obconical, shiny black
paranicdial fasciae, completely fused medially,
extending from the pronotal collar distally for
approximately one quarter of the length towards
462
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
FIG 13. Distribution records of the five new species
of ‘chirping’ cicadas belonging to the genera
Gagatopsalta, Pipilopsalta , Caliginopsalta, and
Drywiopsaltn, through Queensland and northeastern
South Australia.
the distal margin; extending distally Irom these
fused fasciae is a broad medial black fascia which
extends to, and abruptly expands into, the
anterior margin of the cruciform elevation; this
fascia continues as a dark brown triangular
marking across the cruciform elevation,
narrowing and terminating at the distal
mesonotum margin; a pair of black spots occur
between the anterior arms of the cruciform
elevation; a pair of broad shiny black lateral
fasciae extend distally from the pronotal collar,
tapering and subacutely terminated distally, to
near but not reaching the anterior cruciform
elevation arms; the margins of these fasciae are
sharp but crcnulated, especially along medial
margins; remainder of mesonotum and wing
grooves bright orange.
Wings. Fore wings with costa and R+Sc veins
bright orange grading to pale brown distally
along the R+Sc vein; remaining venation
orange-brown proximal to wing bases grading to
dark brown apically; basal membrane bright
orange; costal vein gently curved; pterostigma
with dark reddish-brown infuscation, extending
weakly along anterior wing margin towards apex.
Hind wing with veins pale orange-brown
proximally, grading to medium brown distally;
plaga orange which extends along 3A vein;
central area of plaga with brown infuscation.
Legs. Coxae shiny black along anterior and
lateral edges, changing to orange on and
proximal to the trochanters, with additional
orange along comers of fore coxae. Fore femora
orange with three black spines, and blaek around
and joining the bases of the spines; mid femora
orange with broad diffuse brown longitudinal
fasciae along lateral margin; hind femora orange.
Tibiae and tarsi of fore legs dominantly orange to
orange-brown. Pretarsal claws orange to
orange-brown with dark brown to black tips.
Operculae. Distal areas orange-brown becoming
shiny black proximal to and along medial sutures,
and extending across most of the basal part
except for the small pale brown crest at the
dorsolateral corners; shapes broadly rounded
along distal margins, becoming initially
relatively linear and then relatively sharply
rounded towards and around the medial margins;
operculae do not extend to paramedial anterior
margin of stemitc II, when viewed laterally.
Timbals. Ribs 4 and 5 not fused ventrally to ribs
1-3; rib 4 extends across timbal, while rib 5
extends only partially across timbal.
Pvgofer. Refer to generic characters.
Abdomen. Stemites visible in lateral view.
Tergites dominantly shiny black with short sparse
silver pubescence; tergite 2 with slightly diffuse
narrow orange-brown distal margin extending
completely across tergite; tergites 3-7 with
sharply defined, relatively narrow orange-brown
to pale brown distal margins extending
completely across each tergite; tergite S black,
grading to pale brown along paramedial and
lateral margins; auditory capsules mainly black
with small pale brown ventro-medial areas.
Sternite II orange-brown along lateral and
paramedial margins, shiny black along anterior
margin and medially; sternites 111 - VII
orange-brown laterally, with broad black medial
area, each brown along distal edge; the general
appearance is of a broad, clearly defined black
longitudinal median fascia along abdominal
ventral surface; sternite VIII black, grading to
pale brown along lateral edges.
FEMALE. Fig. 40B. Colour shiny black and
orange, similar to male. Pronotum, mesonotum,
wings and leg markings very similar to male.
Tergites 3-7 similar to male; tergite 2 shiny black
with narrow diffuse orange-brown distal margin,
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
463
becoming broader laterally; tergite 8 shiny black
with orange-brown distal margin, narrow
medially but broadening irregularly laterally;
tergite 9 orangc-with shiny black medial and
anterio-lateral area, narrow black ventral edges,
and a prominent black spot disto-latcrally;
junctions between the black and orange
colourations very irregular. Stemites II-VII
orange-brown laterally, each with a well defined
black medial area which rapidly narrows, and
becomes paler proximal to the distal margins;
these give the general appearance of a broad
black longitudinal fascia extending along the
stemites. Ovipositor sheath extends
approximately 0.5 mm beyond the distal edge of
tergite 9.
MEASUREMENTS. N= iOd, 109. BL: 6 9.8-12.3
(10.8); 9 10.7-12.8(11.6). Fill: 6 13,2-15.2(14.1); 9
14.2-16.4 (15.6). WK 6 3.64.3 (3.9); 9 3.94.4 (4.2).
pm 6 30-3.7(3.3); 9 3.44.0(3.6). AIK 6 3.34.0(3.6);
9 3.24.2 (3.7). FWUBR : 6 2.62-2.80 (2.71); 9
2.64-2.88 (2.75).
DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT (Fig. 13).
Restricted to brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) in
southeast Queensland. Known locations extend
southwards from Isla Gorge National Park to
Theodore (Brigalow Research Station) to the
Chinchilla-Dalby region, including the Barakula
State Forest, and to Kalbar. It is anticipated that
its occurrence will extend more widely through
the brigalow regions. Emergences most
commonly coincide with summer rains during
mid December to mid January, with one
specimen taken in early March (Isla Gorge). It is
an inconspicuous species inhabiting brigalow
foliage, normally caught only at light.
ETYMOLOGY. Latin auranti , referring to the bright
orange colouration, in conjunction with the jet/shiny black,
of the body.
Gagatopsalta obscurus sp. nov.
(Figs 13,14,16,18-20,41, Table 3)
Species B: Ewart & Popple, 2001,57,60,61, figs 3B, 8B.
MATERIAL. HOLOTYPE; <J, QMT99214, lkm NW
Milroy Hstd. -70 km N. Quilpic, SWQ, Light, Gidyea
area, A.E(wart)., l.R(atray)., 13 Jan 2000, 26°02.28'S
144°20.43 , E.
PARATYPES: SOUTHWEST QUEENSLAND: 16<J,
20 9, Dam, Milroy I Istd, -70 km N Quilpic, gidyea, AE,
1R, JN, 1512000,26°02.85’S 144°20.SrS;4d, 1 9, Dam,
Milroy Hstd, -70 km N Quilpic, gidyea, AE, 1R, JN,
1012000,26"02.85’S 144°20.81*S; 1 d As previously, Rec;
17d, 79, Dam, Milroy Hstd, -70 km N Quilpic, gidyea,
AE, 1R, JN, 1112000, 26°02.85’S 144°20.8rS; Id, As
previously, Rec; 7 d, 13 9,1 km NW Milroy Hstd, -70 km
N Quilpic, Light, gidyea area, AE, 1R, 1312000,
26°02.28'S 144°20.43’E; 1 d, 1 9, Milroy 1 Istd, -70 km N
Quilpic, Light, AE, 1R, 1212000,26°02.85'S 144°20.81’E
(AE). 1 d, Dam, Milroy Hstd, -70 km N Quilpie, gidyea,
AE, 1R, JN, 1512000,26T)2.85’S 144°20.8PS; 19, Dam,
Milroy Hstd, -70 km N Quilpie, gidyea, AE, 1R, JN,
1112000, 26°02.85'S 144°20.8PS (BMNH). Id, Dam,
Milroy Hstd, -70 km N Quilpie, gidyea, AE, III, JN,
1012000,26°02.85’S 144°20.81’S; 1 9, Dam, Milroy Hstd,
-70 km N Quilpic, gidyea, AE, 1R, JN, 1512000,
26°02,85’S 144°20,8PS (AN1C). Id,Dam, Milroy Hstd,
-70 km N Quilpie, gidyea, AE, 1R, JN, 1512000,
26°02.85'S 144°20.8PS; 1 9, Dam, Milroy Hstd, -70 km
N. Quilpic, gidyea, AE, IR, JN, 1112000, 26°02.85'S
144°20.8PS (MSM).
DIAGNOSIS. This species is very similar in
appearance to G. auranti , the two representing
sibling species. The following distinguishing
characters arc considered most significant: (a)
The darker and more clearly defined dark median
fascia present longitudinally along the abdominal
stemites of G. auranti . (b) The more prominent
broader, orange-coloured distal margin to tergite
2 in G. obscurus. (e) Song characteristics (see
below), (d) Distribution and habitat. G. obscurus
occurs in gidyea (Acacia cambagei) in
southwestern Queensland, while G. auranti is
currently known only in southeastern
Queensland within brigalow and associated
woodland communities.
DESCRIPTION (Male). Figs 14, 41 A. Head.
Supra-antennal plate shiny black with small
median sandy-brown triangular fascia, anteriorly
pointing, extending from the distal margin
anteriorly to near, but not in contact with, the
anterior ocellus; anterior paramedial margin
adjacent to and dorsal to the bases of the antennae
sandy-brown. Ocelli pink to pale red. Gena and
mandibular plate shiny black with conspicuous
silver pubescence. Postclypcus dominantly
shiny black with minor pale brown areas between
transverse ridges adjacent to dorso-lateral
margin; transverse ridges shiny blaek.
Anteclypeus shiny black with small dark brown
anterior area. Compound eyes dark brown, with
outer distal margin clearly separated from
pronotum. Rostrum dark brown, grading to black
apically. Antennae blaek.
Thorax. Pronotum shiny black with pale sandy
brown central fascia not quite reaching distal or
anterior pronotal margins; a pair of small
paramedial pale yellow-brown reniform-like
spots adjacent to the anterior margin of the
pronotal collar; pronotal collar shiny blaek
464
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
FIG. 14. G. obscura. A, Lateral abdomen view; B, fore and hind wings; C, timbal; the right-hand edge as shown
represents the posterior margin, the top the dorsal edge; D, opereula; E, and F, lateral and ventral views of
pygofer. Pygofer length 2.0mm. Seale bars = 1mm exeept wings (3mm). Drawings based on specimens from
“Milroy” H.S., approximately 70km north of Quilpie.
grading to brown at lateral corners. Mesonotum;
a pair of anterior paramedial short obconical
shiny black fasciae, fiised medially, extending
distally from pronotal collar to approximately
one quarter of the mesonotum length; extending
distally from these fasciae is a broad median
shiny black fascia, slightly broadening distally,
and terminating near the anterior area of the
cruciform elevation where it coalesces with a pair
of conspicuous black spots; a pair of broad black
lateral fasciae extend distally from the pronotal
collar, tapering and rounded distally, terminating
near (but not reaching) the cruciform elevation
arms; their outline is sharp, but locally
crenulatcd; anterior margin of cruciform
elevation dark brown; remaining colouration of
mesonotum, including wing grooves and areas
between the fasciae, is pale orange.
Wings. Fore wings: Costa and R+Sc veins pale
orange-brown to sandy brown colour, grading to
orange proximal to mesonotum; CuP vein pale
orange-brown; remaining venation shiny
medium to dark brown, darker apically; basal
membrane orange; pterostigma with reddish
infuscation, grading to brown apically and
extending as a narrow marginal infuscation
towards the apex of the fore wing. Hind wing
with 3A vein orange, and 2 A, 1A and CuP veins
pale brown, remaining venation pale to dark
brown, darker distally; plaga opaque white which
extends along 3A vein; pale brown infuscation
between plaga and adjacent anal cell.
Legs. Coxae shiny black on anterior and lateral
edges, changing to orange on and adjacent to the
trochanter and along the antcrio-lateral margin of
the fore coxae. Fore femora orange with three
black shiny black spines, the black colour
extending around and between bases of spines;
mid femora with extensive lateral black to deep
brown colour, elsewhere orange; hind femora
dominantly orange with thin longitudinal brown
fascia anteriorly. Tibiae and tarsi dominantly
orange to yellow-orange, darker apically on fore
legs. Claws yellow-orange with dark brown to
black tips.
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
465
FIG 15. Waveform plots of songs of G. auranti showing; (a) Regular syllable doublets (termed twin syllables;
numbered 1 and 2) with no intermediate syllables; (b) the presence of regular twin syllables with alternating
intermediate syllables (numbered 3); recording from specimen from Brigalow Research Station, near
Theodore. In these records, the second syllable of the twin syllables has higher amplitude than syllable . (e)
and (d) a similar sequence of twin syllables with no intermediate peak, and twin syllables withi alternating
intermediate syllables; recorded from Lake Broadwater, near Dalby. In these recordings, the syllables ana l
are of similar amplitude. Each are unfiltered container recordings.
Operculae . Distal areas, extending from medial
suture, pale brown; basal parts, including crest
around dorso-lateral comers, vary from medium
brown to black, the latter especially along the
adjacent lateral margins; shapes elongated,
domed and ridged, gently rounded outline
extending from the lateral, through the distal to
the medial margins; operculae just reach the
anterior paramedial termination of stemite II, in
lateral view.
Timbals . Ribs 3 and 4 not fused ventrally to ribs 1
and 2, but are continuous across timbal; long rib 5
extends only partially across timbal.
Pygofer. Refer to generic characters.
Abdomen. Tergites dominantly shiny black with
short-sparse silver pubescence; tergite 2 with a
prominent, broad orange distal margin extending
completely across tergite; tergite 3 with a narrow,
less conspicuous, but continuous orange distal
margin; tergites 4-5 have narrow orange-brown
to brown distal margins; tergites 6-7 with
relatively broader pale orange-brown to medium
brown distal margin; tergite 8 grades to a broad
orange-brown to brown distal margin which
widens laterally; ventro-lateral margins ot
tergites 3-7 are orange; auditory capsules
predominantly shiny black, grading to dark
brown centrally. Stemite II pale orange-brown,
black medially; stemites IIl-VIl orange-brown,
each gradinu to brown distally; each exhibits the
development of a diffuse, dark brown medial
area, giving the overall appearance of a narrow
but diffuse fascia extending longitudinally along
the stemites; stemite VIII black to deep brown
ventrally grading to pale brown along lateral
margins.
FEMALE. Fig. 4IB. General eolouration shiny
black and orange to orange-brown. Pronotum
similar to male, but with narrow orange-brown
anterior margin, and central faseia extending
anteriorly to anterior margin. Mesonotum similar
to male, with the blaek medial faseia (which
466
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
FIG 16 Waveform plots of songs of G obscurus showing: (a) twin syllables (numbered 1 and 2) with the
‘normal’ pair of alternating intermediate syllables (numbered 3 and 4); (b) as previously with only a single
intermediate syllable (number3); (e) twin syllables (1 and 2) with two alternating intermediate syllables (3 and
4), and in one instance, a single intermediate syllable; (d) twin syllables with no intermediate syllables. Note
the relative differences in amplitudes between the syllables 1 and 2 in (a) to (d), and the relative timing of the
intermediate syllables (3 and 4) in (a) and (e). Plots (b) and (d) superficially rescmblc thc Gm/ra/i// song
patterns shown in Fig. 15. Recordings from “Milroy” H.S., approximately 70km north of Quilpie, south-west
Queensland, of two separate specimens. Each are container recordings, filtered (FIR) to 1 kHz.
extends distally from the paramedial obconical
fasciae) broadening abruptly and sharply
terminating adjacent to anterior margin of
erueifonn elevation, which also exhibits a small
narrow transverse black fascia. Wings and legs
as in male. Tergites 3-7 similar to male,
dominantly shiny black grading to deep brown
laterally; tergite 2 with relatively broad
continuous orange-brown distal margin,
becoming progressively broader laterally; tergite
8 orange to orange-brown with narrow shiny
black colouration along anterior margin only,
broadening slightly medially and laterally; tergite
9 shiny black medially, this extending as a narrow
zone anterio-laterally. with a prominent black
spot disto-laterally and remaining area orange to
orange-brown, slightly darker along ventral
margins. Stemites Tl-VIl orange-brown grading
darker brown medially, giving overall impression
of a weak longitudinal faseia extending along
stemites. Ovipositor sheath extends <0.5mm
beyond distal margin of tergite 9.
MEASUREMENTS. N=10d, 10$. BL: <5 11.2-13.4
(12.5); $ 11.2-13.0(12.3). FttZ: <3 14.7-16.0(15.3); $
14.7-17.0(16.2). ynV: 6 3.8-4.6 (4.2); $ 4.1-4.7(44).
Pit’: 6 3.5-4.1 (3.7); $ 3.7-4.3 (3.9). FIVL/BR: 6
2.69-2.90(2.81); $ 2.78-2.91 (2.83).
DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT (Fig. 13).
Known so far only from the area approximately
70km north of Quilpie, southwest Queensland.
In this region, it is restricted to gidyca (Acacia
cambagei) within the flood plain communities,
occurring as an inconspicuous, foliage inhabiting
species. This species is encountered in small
numbers from November to December (aural
records), but emeiges in relatively large numbers
following summer rains, typically during
January. The distribution of the species is
expected to be much more extensive through
south-western Queensland, in flood plain gidyea
communities, than is currently known. It is
readily captured at light.
amplitude (mV) amplitude (mV)
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
467
FIG. 17. Expanded time scale envelope curves of G.
auranti songs showing detail of the twin syllables (1
and 2) and intermediate syllable (3). (a) from Lake
Broadwater; (b) from Brigalow Research Station.
Note the relative differences in syllable amplitudes.
Other details as in Fig. 15.
ETYMOLOGY. Latin obscurus, inconspicuous; refers to
the general habit and behaviour.
SONG. G. auranti. The basic song structure
consists of a pair of closely spaced, but quite
separate syllables (labelled 1 and 2 in Figs 15,17)
which are here together termed twin syllables.
These repeat at intervals of 94-16 lms (Table 3),
the intervals slightly variable between adjacent
twin syllable pairs. The intervals between
syllables 1 and 2 range between 13-20ms, while
the syllable lengths are 9.6-13.5ms (syllable 1),
and 7.3-10.4ms (syllable 2). Relative amplitudes
of the twin syllable pairs are variable (Figs 15,
17).
The major variation is the insertion of a third
(labelled 3, Figs 15, 17) intermediate syllable
alternately between the sets oftwin syllables (1 +
2). This exerts a strong control on the intervals
between each twin syllable (1 +2), which vary
between 94-128ms (no syllable 3 present) and
122-161 ms (syllable 3 present). Syllable 3 has a
structure and duration identical to syllable 1. The
spacing of syllable 3 is asymmetric, as shown by
the inter-syllable intervals of 46-69ms (i.e.
between syllables 2 and 3) compared to
122-16lms between successive twin syllable
pairs. Expanded envelope curves of syllables 1
and 3 (Figs 17, 19) resolve six to nine distinct
hemisyllablcs, each with mean lengths between
0.50-0.66ms. The initial hemisyllable commonly
exhibits a small but distinct separation from the
immediately following hemisyllables. Syllable 2
has a structure distinct from syllables 1 and 3,
comprising four to six hemisyllables, some of
markedly reduced amplitude. Hemisyllable
lengths range between 0.78-1.0ms, the first
typically exhibiting greatest amplitude, the
following syllables generally decreasing in
amplitude.
Amplitude spectra (Fig. 20A) exhibit a
complex series of relatively broad peaks, the
maximum frequency lying between
14.8-15.0kHz, but with associated peaks at -15.8
and 14.0-14.2kHz, and clearly defined lower
frequency peaks at -13.5, 13.0, 12.1, 10.7 and
7.7kHz. The width of the peaks, together with the
concentration of dominant peaks between -14 to
17kHz reflects the contrasting scales and
FIG 18. Expanded time scale envelope curves of G.
obscurus songs showing detail of the twin syllables
(1 and 2) and the two intermediate syllables (3 and 4).
Note the relative amplitude differences between the
two separate songs. Other details as in Fig. 16.
468
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
TABLE 3. Comparison of song parameters between G. auranti and G. obscurus. 0) Based on data from three
localities; Brigalow Research Station, near Theodore; Lake Broadwater, near Dalby; Barakula State Forest,
north of Chinchilla. (2) Shown as ranges and means (in parentheses)
G. auranti
G. obscurus
Intervals between twin syllable sets (ms):
fa) No intermediate syllables (4 and/or 3) present:
97-139 (117)' 2 ’
135-281 (182) <2)
(b) Alternating intervals with intermediate syllables:__.
(i) Interval without intermediate syllables
94-128 (105)
109-143(121)
(ii) Interval with syllable 3 (only) present
122-161(137)
172-256(197)
(iii) Interval with syllables 3 and 4 present
-
189-284 (231)
lnter-svllable Intervals (ms):
(a) Syllables 1 to 2
12.9-20.4 (16.0)
16.6-17.4(16.9)
(b) Syllables 2 to 3
46.3-69.1 (55.1)
46.5-60.4 (54.0)
(c) Syllables 3 to 4
-
49.3-58.9(53.5)
Syllable lengths (ms):
(a) Syllables 1
9.6-12.0(11.2)
12.5-13.5 (3.2)
(b) Syllables 2
7.3-10.4 (8.2)
8.9-10.3 (9.8)
(c) Syllables 3
9.7-12.1 (11.1)
11.8-15.6(13.6)
(d) Syllables 4
-
12.1-15.1 (13.4)
lnter-hemlsvllable durations (syllables 1,3± 4):
0.37-2.19(1.18)
0.82-2.31 (1.46)
Hemlsvllahle lengths (excluding tails) within syllables 1,3 ± 4 (ms):
0.25-0.97 (0.56)
0.40-1.35 (0.86)
Mean twin syllable (1.2) repetition rates (s+:
fa) No intermediate syllables (4 and or 3) present
8.5
5.5
rh) Alr^matim? intervals with Intermediate syllables:
(i) Intervals without intermediate syllables
9.5
8.3
(ii) Intervals with syllable 3 (only)
7.3
5.1
(iii) Intervals with syllables 3 and 4
-
4.3
Mean frequency of dominant spectral peak (kHz):
14.8
16.6
variability of the component syllable and
hemisyllable structures, together with the
complexity of the fundamental carrier waves.
The existence of the multiple spectral peaks is
thought to reflect the relative importance and
configuration the main sound radiation
structures, as noted for the Crotopsalta cicadas,
namely timbals, tympana and abdomen (Fonseca
& Popov, 1994; Fonseca & Bennet-Clark, 1998).
The complex peaks broadly centred at ~14.2-
15.8kHz could represent side bands centred on
the main carrier frequency at -15kHz, i.e.
amplitude modulations (-0.8kHz) with lengths
of-1.25ms. This is similar to the observed mean
inter-hemisyllable lengths (syllables 1, 3) of
1.18ms (Table 3). Comparison of the spectra of
individual syllables 1 and 3 indicates very similar
frequency peak distributions as in the overall
combined spectra (Fig. 20A), whereas individual
syllable 2 spectra, although showing the similar
grouping of peaks in the same maximum
frequency ranges, indicate stronger development
(i.e. higher amplitudes) of the lower frequency
peaks between 7.5-213kHz.
G. obscurus . The basic song structure is close to
G. auranti. The critical difference is the insertion
of a second intermediate syllable (labelled 4, Figs
16, 18) between the twin syllable (1+2)
sequences. The syllables 3 and 4 again are only
inserted alternately between the twin syllable (1
+ 2) sequences, which is reflected in differing
intervals between the twin syllable pairs (Table
3). Aurally, the resulting song sounds remarkably
similar to the ‘clip-clop’ of a galloping horse.
Nevertheless, during the initial stages of
singing, the song commonly lacks both
intermediate syllables (3 and 4), then followed by
the insertion of a single intermediate syllable (3)
asym- metrically and alternately between the
twin syllable (1+2) pairs (Fig. 16B,D). These
initial songs look superficially identical to the G.
auranti song, but in detail, the intervals between
the twin syllable pairs differ (Table 3).
Nevertheless, inter-syllable intervals between
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
469
G. auranti G. auranti
FIG 19. Further expanded envelope curves of (a), (b), the twin syllables 1 and 2 of the G. auranti song showing
detailed hemisyllable structures, from Lake Broadwater; (c), (d) hemisyllablc structures within the tw'in
syllables 1 and 2 of the G ohscunts song; recorded from “Milroy” H.S., southwest Queensland. In plots (a) to
(c), only selected hemisyllables are labelled.
1 -2, and 2- 3, of G. auranti and G. obscurus songs
completely overlap, as do the intervals between
syllables 1 -3. The relative amplitudes of syllables
1 and 2 are variable in G. obscurus, as in G.
auranti. In G. obscurus, the structures and
lengths of syllables 1,3 and 4 arc equivalent, but
differ from syllable 2 (as in G. auranti).
Higher resolution expanded envelope curves
of syllable 1 (Figs 18, 19; also relevant to
syllables 3 and 4), reveal 5-9 distinct
hemisyllables whose mean lengths range
between 0.4-1.35ms. Syllable 2 is shorter than
syllables 1,3 and 4 (Table 3), consistent with G.
auranti data, and comprises 2 clearly defined
hemisyllables each ranging in total duration
(including tail) of 2.5-4.3ms. In some data sets,
the hemisyllable doublets of syllable 2 are
complicated by superimposed shorter (higher
frequency) hemisyllables ranging in length
0.8-1.7ms, comparable to those within syllables
1, 3 and 4. Amplitude spectra (Fig. 20B) are
dominated by a series of complex peaks between
-15.8- 17.2kHz, with broad, lower frequency
peaks at -14.9, 14.2, 13.6, 11.4-12.7, and
7.5kHz. The complexity and width of the peaks
is again attributed to the variable and complex
structures and lengths of the syllables and the
hemisyllables. The frequency maxima feasibly
incorporates two side bands centred near
16.6kHz, representing modulation rates of
approximately 0.6-0.8kHz, corresponding to
-1.3-1.7ms, similar to the observed
inter-hemisyllable intervals of 0.8-2.3ms.
Compared to the G. auranti spectra, that of G.
obscurus differs mainly in respect to the higher
frequency maxima (although the potential effect
oftemperature differentials cannot be excluded).
Comparison of the amplitude spectra of the
individual syllables 1,3 and 4 indicate frequency
peaks that are closely comparable to the spectra
of the broader song pattern (Fig. 20B).
Individual syllable 2 spectra exhibit similar
frequency peaks, but differ in the relatively
higher amplitudes of peaks in the 13.6-14.7kHz
range.
470
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
FIG 20. Comparison of amplitude spectra of: (a) G.
auranti song from Lake Broadwater, and (b) G.
obscurus song from “Milroy” H.S., soulhwesl
Queensland. The frequencies of the main peaks are
labelled (kHz). Both spectra based on 1.65s of song.
Recordings filtered (FIR) to 0.5kHz.
The wide range of frequency seen in the spectra
is similar to that of G auranti , and again is
thought to reflect the relative importance,
efficiency and configuration of the sound
radiating structures responsible for the
multiplicity of frequency emission (Fonseca &
Popov, 1994; Fonseca & Bennet-Clark, 1998).
Given the many similarities between the songs
(and morphology) of G. auranti and G obscurus ,
similarity between their respective timbal
structures is expected (Figs 12C, 14C). The only
obvious difference concerns the ventral fusion of
ribs 1*3 in G. auranti compared to only ribs 1 and
2 in G. obscurus. It seems possible that the
additional syllable (4) in the latter species might
correlate with the difference in long rib 3
configuration, but this can only be evaluated by
physiological studies.
Caliginopsalta gen. nov.
TYPE SPECIES. Caliginopsalta pereola sp. nov.
INCLUDED SPECIES. C. pereola sp. nov.
ETYMOLOGY. Latin caligin,dark and/or obscure, a
reference to the obscure habitat and habits of the type
species.
DIAGNOSIS. Small cicada, 10.5-13 mm total
body length (type species). Head width
including eyes greater than pronotum width
across lateral margins; distance between lateral
ocelli similar to distance between lateral ocellus
and eyes; width of pronotum measured from
lateral margins similar to width of mesonotum
between fore wings; pronotal collar moderately
ampliate along lateral margins and outwardly
curved; abdomen tapered evenly to pygofer in
dorsal view; sternites strongly rounded and
clearly visible in lateral view. General colour of
body pale sandy brown, brown to chestnut brown
and black. Rostrum extends to anterior margins
of hind coxae. Wings hyaline; fore wing with
eight apical cells which are, overall, similar in
length to ulnar cells (some shorter, some longer);
costal vein equal in width to node with very
gentle anterior curvature proximal to node;
sclerotised anterior margin of costal vein narrow
and less than vein width; intersection of CuA
with M veins veins occurs approximately one
third of distance along first vein section
(proximal to basal cell) of M that makes up the
inner radial cell margin;, length of the three distal
vein sections that make up the inner margin of the
radial cell are unequal, but not strongly so. Hind
wing with six apical cells; distinctive brown
infuscation fills the central area of the plaga and
occurs within the anal lobe adjacent to the 3 A and
the 2 A veins, extending to, and widening towards
the distal wing margin of the 2 A vein. Opcrculae
rounded along distal and medial margins; gently
domed and ridged; meracantha normal and
located strongly asymmetrically within
operculae towards midline; inner margins of
opcrculae widely separated. Timbals somewhat
extended anteriorly in shape; 5 long ribs, with
ribs 1-4 fused ventrally; 3 prominent short ribs,
plus 2 very small rcmnant(?) ribs between long
ribs 2 and 4; dome on timbal plate narrow and
laterally tapering; basal spur prominent and fused
to long ribs 1-3. Pygofer: ovoid in general shape
in dorsal view, but unusually broad in lateral
view; upper lobe prominent with rounded
termination, lower lobe small with rounded
termination and no clearly defined inner lobe;
prominent median process, uncal lobes curved,
anteriorly pointing and sharply terminated at
apices; well defined and gently curved beak;
aedeagus trifid with a pair of dorsal, sclerotised
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
471
FIG 21. Caliginopsalta percola. A, Lateral abdomen view; B, fore and hind wings; C, timbal; the right-hand
edge as shown represents the posterior margin, the top the dorsal edge; D, opereula; E, and F, lateral and ventral
views of pygofer. Pygofer length 1.8mm. Scale bars represent 1mm except wings (3 mm). Drawings based on
specimens from the northern Barakula State Forest, north of Chinchilla.
pseudoparamers of similar length to ventral
support; poorly sclerotised endotheca.
Caliginopsalta percola sp. nov.
(Figs 21-24, 42, Table 4)
Notopsalta Species D: Ewart, 1988, 183, 184,191,195. plate
4F; 1998, 64,69, figs 9B, 13A.
MATERIAL. HOLOTYPE; d, QMT99215, Barakula
S.F., nr. Chinchilla, S.Q., virgin brigalow, 15 Dec 1997,
26°14.42'S 15(P48.86'E, Ewan.
PARATYPES: SOUTHEAST QUEENSLAND: 1 c5,19,
Brigalow Res. Stn., nr. Theodore. E brigalow seetion,
belah, 21.xii.2000, AE, 24°48.54'S 149°47.54'E; Id,
Brigalow Res. Stn., nr. Theodore, E brigalow section,
belah, 20.xii.2000. AE, 24°48.54'S 149°47.54’E. Rec spec
1; 1d, As previously, Rec spec 2; 4 $, Brigalow Res. Stn.,
nr. Theodore, E brigalow section, belah, 20.xii.2000, AE,
24°48.54'S 149°47.54'E; lid, 102, Brigalovv-belah,
“Lakeview’, nr. L Broadwater, via Dalby, AE, 20.xii.2001,
27°20.81'S 151°04.98'E; 7d, 82, Barakula SF, nr.
Chinchilla, virgin brigalow, 15.xii. 1997, 26‘T4.42'S
150°48.S6'E, AE; 1 d, As previously, Rec spec 3; 1 d, As
previously, Ree spec 2; 1 d, 29, L Broadwater, ~30 km
SW Dalby,brigalow, 20.xii.1987, JM; 2d, L Broadwater,
~30 km SW Dalby, brigalow, 20.xii. 1987, JM, (Notopsalta
species D, Ewart 1988); 3 d, 2 2, Brigalow, L Broadwater,
via Dalby, AE, 19.xii.2001, 27°20.42’S 151°05.45’E; Id,
As previously, Rec (AE). 3d, Myall Park, 8 km N.
Glenmorgan, 27-28.xii.2001, Mv lamp. LWP, AS,
359-0003-006; Id, Myall Park, 8 km N. Glenmoigan,
27-28.xii.2001, Mv lamp, LWP, AS, On minidise, LWP,
359-0003,-0006; Id, 19, L Broadwater, via Dalby,
21.xii. 1987, JM,. MV lamp, 359-0001-0002; Id, 27°45'S
lSUD'E, 5km W Mibnerran, lO.i.2004, LWP. RM; 3d,
27"23T0"S 15r36'43"E, Jondaryan district, 5.ii.2005,
Casuarinacristata, LWP,359-00008to0010 (LWP). 1 9,
26°13'S, 150‘ > 35'E, Barakula, 23 km NNE, 18.xii.2001,
GBM, DC, SW, brigalow, 400m, 10313; 8d, 9 9,26"04'S,
150“49'E W'onga Hills, site 3, 520m, 11 .xii.2001, 10257
GBM, DC, SW, MV light, vine scrub (Q.M). 1 d, 19,
Brigalow, L Broadwater, via Dalby, AE, 19.xii.2001,
27°20.42’S, 151°05.45’E (BMNII). Id, 12,
Brigalow-belah, "Lakeview’, nr. L Broadwater, via Dalby
AE, 20.xii.2001, 27®20.81'S, 151°04.98'E (ANIC). Id,
19, Brigalow-bclali. “Lakeview’, nr. L Broadwater, via
Dalby, AE, 20.xii.2001,27°20.8 l'S, 151”04.98'E (MSM).
DESCRIPTION (Male). Figs 21, 42A. Head.
Supra-antennal plate pale sandy brown with
irregular but continuous black colouration
covering much of the central dorsal area, also
enclosing each ocellus, and extending as narrow
472
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
fingers towards the anterior margin of the eyes
and around the anterior postclypeal surface; a
pale sandy brown, short, lanceolate fascia lies
between the two posterior ocelli, extending and
narrowing anteriorly towards, but not reaching
the anterior ocellus; it extends distally to the
pronotal margin and continues as the pronotal
central fascia; a pair of small elongated ovoid
castaneous areas extend obliquely from near the
inner margin of the posterior ocelli towards the
lateral dorsal postclypeus margin. Ocelli pink.
Gena pale sandy brown with oblique black fascia
lying between the eyes and mandibula plate;
mandibula plate dominantly black. Postclypeus
with pale brown dorso-medial area which
continues to the dorsal surface, and with the pale
brown anterior marginal zone of the frons; the
transverse ridges and central region of frons
black, the transverse ridges grading to pale sandy
brown laterally. Anteclypeus pale sandy brown
dorsally, black on ventral segment. Compound
eyes dark brown to black. Rostrum pale sandy
brown adjacent to anteclypeus, grading dark
brown to black apically. Antennae dark brown.
Thorax . Pronotum dominantly castaneous with
pale sandy brown central fascia which tapers
irregularly towards, but not reaching the pronotal
collar; the fascia is enclosed laterally and distally
by a thin black envelope which flares outwards
distally, the medial part just reaching the pronotal
collar; a broadly triangular pale sandy brown area
extends outwards from near the distal termination
of the central fascia adjacent to the pronotal
collar, narrowing and terminating paramedially;
very irregular and broken black colouration
occurs along, adjacent to, and between the
anterior and posterior oblique fissures, further
extending around the lateral pronotal margin
between the posterior oblique and ambient
fissures; pronotal collar, and the narrow anterior
pronotal margin, are pale sandy brown,
Mesonotum with a pair of black paramedial
obconical fasciae, not fused medially, extending
distally from anterior margin approximately a
quarter of the mesonotum length; a pair of broad
lateral black fasciae, very irregular and broken in
form and outline, tapering distally, terminally
rounded which terminate adjacent to the outer
anterior margins of the anterior cruciform
elevation arms; a pair of conspicuous black spots
lie adjacent to the inner margins of the anterior
arms of the cruciform elevation; the latter is pale
yellow brown; remaining mesonotum colour and
wing grooves pale sandy brown, grading to pale
brown medially.
Wings. Costa and R+Sc veins pale sandy brown,
tending translucent in costa; venation grades
from pale sandy brown adjacent to basal cell to
brown and dark brown apically; pterostigma with
pale brown infuscation, extending slightly
towards wing apex; basal membrane off-white to
pale brown. Hind wing; venation pale brown
grading to darker brown distally; plaga opaque
offwhite, extending along both margins of 3A
vein.
Legs. Coxae and trochanters pale sandy brown
with well defined deep brown to black areas on
their anterior and lateral edges. Fore femora pale
sandy brown with broad longitudinal brown
fasciae on outer lateral edges; three deep brown
to black spines, the dark colouration extending
between the bases of the spines; inner margins
with more extensive brown colouration except
for pale sandy brown central and dorsal areas;
mid and hind femora pale sandy brown with
longitudinal brown fasciae along margins.
Tibiae pale sandy brown grading distally to dark
brown. Tarsi and tarsal claws medium to pale
brown.
Operculae. Relatively linear lateral margins,
gently curving around distal margins, more
sharply curved along medial margins; colour
dominantly pale sandy brown with localised
black areas adjacent to mcrcantha and adjacent
to, but not including the crest in the distolateral
comers of basal areas; gentle ridge extending
distally from basal parts of operculae and
narrowing towards, and terminating near distal
margins. Meracantha prominent, subacutely
terminated, extending above the disto-medial
areas.
Timbals. Rib 4 discontinuous medially and rib 5
not extending completely across timbal.
Pygofer. Pale brown with small anterior
paramedial black triangular marking, adjacent to
tergite 8. See generic characters for detail.
Abdomen. Tergite 2 pale sandy brown to pale
brown, with narrow black anterior margin
extending to, and around the auditory capsules;
tergites 3-7 pale sandy brown laterally, grading to
pale reddish brown medially; black areas occur
dorso-medially, each extended paramedially
along anterior margins, tapering (somewhat
irregularly) distally, and terminating at distal
margins (excluding intersegmental membranes);
poorly defined pale brown to brown markings
occur ventro-laterally, darker on the more distal
tergites, but variable between specimens; tergite
8 with black to dark brown area extending as a
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
473
narrow dorsal fascia, widening across the lateral
and ventro-lateral area, the remaining area pale
brown to pale reddish brown; auditory capsules
black, grading to deep brown centrally. Stemite
II black to deep brown; stemites II1-V uniformly
pale sandy brown, becoming paler brown on
stemite VI; stemites VII and VIII medium to dark
brown.
FEMALE. Fig. 42B. Similar markings to male
with general reduction in extent of areas of black
colouration. Supra-antennal plate dominantly
pale sandy brown with diffuse and broken black
areas around ocelli extending to lateral margin of
dorsal surface of postclypeus. Postclypeus pale
sandy brown; frons with central region mostly
black, becoming paler dorsally; transverse ridges
black medially. Gena and mandibular plate with
reduced areas of black. Pronotum similar to
male, but with smaller patterns of black
colouration associated with the oblique fissures
and lateral margin; broad central fascia pale
sandy brown enclosed by brown envelope,
otherwise similar to male; remaining pronotum
pale brown. Mesonotum with medium to dark
brown lateral fasciae, each grading black
distally; their outlines similar to male, but the
paramedial fasciae much reduced in size
medially; the pair of spots adjacent to inner
margin of anterior arms of cruciform elevation
deep brown; remaining mesonotum pale sandy
brown. Mngs as in male. Legs, Coxae pale
sandy brown each with broad wedge-shaped,
deep brown to black anterior longitudinal
fasciae, and narrow dark lateral dorsal edge.
Femora pale sandy brown with diffuse brown
longitudinal fasciae along anterior and distal
edges; fore femora with three deep brown to
black spines. Tibiae pale brown to pale sandy
brown, darkening distally. Tarsi pale to medium
brown, darker distally; claws dark brown.
Tergites 2 to 9 chestnut brown medially, grading
to pale brown paramcdially and laterally; anterior
medial areas of tergites 4-7 dark brown, grading
distally to chestnut brown; distal edges and
intersegmental membranes of tergites 3-7 dull
yellow-brown; tergite 8 with prominent and
relatively broad paramedial and lateral deep
brown to black transverse fasciae, lying adjacent
to tergite anterior margin; tergites 4 to 7 with very
diffuse, slightly darker brown areas lying
ventro-laterally; tergite 9 with a pair of broad
paramedial deep brown to black fasciae
extending approximately two-thirds towards
distal margin of tergite, and a prominent dark spot
at each disto-lateral margin. Stemites 11 to VI
1 I ' i 1 I ! I I I I
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
FIG 22. Waveform plots of the C. pereola songs, (a)
Four sets of diplosyllables showing the double
syllable structures; (b) the ‘uneven’ diplosyllable
spacings with alternating short and longer
inter-diplosyllable intervals, observed most
commonly late in song sequences; (c) the ‘even’
diplosyllable spacing, in which subtle alternations of
fractionally shorter and longer inter-diplosyllable
intervals are still evident. The timing of the intervals
is indicated in ms. Recording (a) from Brigalow
Research Station, near Theodore; recordings (b) and
(c) from Lake Broadwater, near Dalby. Unfiltered
container recordings.
uniformly pale sandy brown; stemite Vll with
short dark oblique paramedial fasciae either side
of ovipositor sheath entry. Ovipositor sheath
extends <0.5 mm beyond tergite 9.
474
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
TABLE 4. Caliginopsalta percola -summary of song parameters from three locations. ' Poorly defined in
records from this locality. <2| These figures represent selected segments from recordings illustrating
‘even’ and ‘uneven’ intervals. The two sets of figures in each data set represent the averaged lengths
of adjacent inter-diplosyllable intervals. _
All data
Barakula State
Forest
Brigalow Research
Stn.
Lake Broadwater
Mean diplosyllable repetition rates (s' 1 , ± 6
Mean
6.4±0.7(n=19)
6.4±1.2 (n=6)
6.5±0.4(n=8)
6.2±0.5(n=4)
Minimum
4.1
4.1
6.0
5.4
Maximum
7.7
7.7
7.1
6.6
Diplosyllable lengths (excluding
pre-diplosvllable ‘disturbance’) -(ms)
17.0±0.85(n=8)
-
15.9-16.6(n=4)
17.2-18.4(n=4)
First syllable length (including tail) -(ms)
8.2±0.60(n=8)
7.4-7.7(n=4)
8.5-9.0(n=4)
First syllable length (excluding tail) -(ms)
4.4±0.34(n=8)
-
4.3-4.8(n=4)
3.8-5.0(n=4)
First syllable -
(i) First hemisyllable length -(ms)
2.5±0.79(n=5)
2.1-2.8(n«4)
2.0" , (n=l)
(ii) Second hemisyllable length -ms
2.0±0.75(n-5)
-
0.65-2.4(n=4)
2.2'" (n=l)
Second syllable length (including tail) -(ms)
8.7±0.44(n=8)
-
8.1-8.9(n*4)
8.3-9.3(n=4)
Second syllable length (excluding tail) -(ms)
4.6±0.54(n=8)
_
4.2-5.<Xn-4)
3.4-5.2(n=4)
Second syllable -
(i) First hemisyllable length - (ms)
2.3±0.30(n=5)
-
2.3-2.6(n®4)
1.9 (l) (n=l)
(ii) Second hemisyllable length -(ms)
2.3±0.23(n=5)
-
1.6-2.8(n~4)
2.7 ,l> (n=l)
Preliminary’ pre-diplosyllable ‘distur-
bance’-(ms)
0.87±0.30(n=8)
-
0.59-0.94(n=4)
0.64-1.5(n=4)
Inter-dlplosvllable intervals -(ms)
(i) ‘Even’ intervals (earlierin songs) (2)
-
137±3/132±1
254±11/249±14
162±6/157±2
155±1/155±1
148±2/155±3
155±3/I60i2
I47il/152i3
(ii) ‘Uneven’ intervals (later in songs) (>
-
129±2/165±6
129±3/177±3
155±2/172±2
154i3/215±5
MEASUREMENTS. N= lOd, 105. BL: 8 10.5-11.7
(11:1); 2 10.9-13.0(12.0). FWL: 8 12.7-14.2(13.5); 2
14.1-15.5 (15.0). HIV: 8 3.5-3.7 (3.6); 2 3.7-4.1 (3.9).
PW. 8 3.0-3.3 (3.2); 2 33-3.6(3.4). All: 8 3.2-3.4(33);
2 3.2-3.6 (3.4). FIVL/BR: 8 2.75-2.99 (2.86); 2
2.86-3.06 (2.94).
DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT (Fig. 13). An
inconspicuous cicada restricted to both disturbed
and undisturbed brigalow forest communities. It
has a preference for belah (Casuarina cristata)
within these communities, inhabiting the inner
branches and foliage environments. Known
locations are all in southeastern Queensland,
including Jondaryan, Lake Broadwater near
Dalby; the Barakula State Forest north of
Chinchilla; Myall Park near Glenmorgan; near
Millmerran; and the more northern area of Isla
Gorge National Park and extending northwest of
Theodore. The distribution is expected to occur
more widely within the southern-central
Queensland brigalow belt. All records are for
mid to late December.
ETYMOLOGY. Latin percol(a), dusky, a reference to the
appearance of this species in its natural habitat.
SONG (Figs 22-24). Aurally, this consists of
monotonously repeated ticks (Fig. 22A-C). In
time expanded waveform plots (Fig. 22A), the
‘ticks’ are each resolved into discrete complex
double syllables, each doublet here termed a
diplosyllable. This term is applied as each is
believed to represent an unbroken single cycle of
‘in-out’ buckling movements of the timbals.
Diplosyllable mean repetition rates (Table 4) are
similar for the three localities studied, ranging
between approximately 4-8s*'. In detail,
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
475
however, significant variability is evident. The
repetition rates in fact vary from nearly even
diplosyllable-diplosyllable intervals to clearly
uneven intervals, the latter nevertheless
exhibiting regular alternations of what are
effectively ‘diplosyllable doublets' (Fig. 22B;
Table 4). These sequences of uneven intervals
seem to occur most often towards the end of an
extended song phase. The diplosyllable
sequences with relatively ‘even’ inter-echeme
intervals, however, frequently also have small,
but regular variations in their alternating
inter-diplosyllable intervals (Fig. 22C). Lengths
of the individual diplosyllables range between
15.9- 18.4ms.
Higher resolution envelope curves (Fig.
23A,B) reveal that each syllable comprising the
diplosyllable doublets have lengths of 7.4-9.3ms
(including peak tails). Each syllable is further
resolved into two complex hemisyllables, best
developed in the Brigalow Research Station
songs (Fig. 23B), although less clearly defined in
the Lake Broadwater data. The hemisyllable
lengths (excluding tails) range between
1.5-2.8ms, averaging between 2.0-2.Sms
(equivalent to approximately 400-500Hz). Both
the syllables and hemisyllables have sharply
defined initiations as well as cessations, although
typically followed by a low amplitude tail. The
hemisyllables comprise clearly recognisable
smaller (higher frequency) pulses, considered to
represent the carrier waves (Fig. 23 A,B).
An unusual feature present within the
diplosyllable structures is the presence of a short,
low amplitude, subdued ‘pre-diplosyllable
disturbance’ with a length of 0.59- 1.5ms
(equivalent to approximately 667-1695Hz). In
some records (Fig,23A,B), the ‘pre-diplosyllable
disturbances’ are themselves preceded by a very
weak but distinct disturbance of the background
waveform which have durations of approxi¬
mately 1 -1.5ms. Equivalent disturbances are not
recognised preceding the second syllable within
each diplosyllable. It is suggested that they may
represent an initial response of the buckling of
the 2 ‘extra' short ribs between ribs 2-3 and 3-4,
noted below. The occurrence of comparable
‘pre-syllable disturbances’ has not been observed
in the songs of any other small Queensland
eieada species.
The timbals of this species (Fig.21C) exhibit
the fusion of ribs 1 -3 both dorsally (to basal spur)
and ventrally (suggesting that they buckle in
unison), while rib 4 (discontinuous medially) is
fused only ventrally to ribs 1-3. Two additional
FIG 23. Expanded time scale envelope eurves
showing the detailed diplosyllable and shorter
hemisyllable structures, and the pre-diplosyllable
‘disturbances’ (PDD; arrowed) eharaeteri sties of the
C. percola song. The higher frequency carrier
pulses are elearly visible within the syllables and
hemisyllables. Recording (a) from Lake
Broadwater; (b) trom Brigalow Research Station.
features of possible significance arc the marked
increase in rib width of rib 3, and the presence of a
second (?reliet) short rib between ribs 2-3 and 3-4
(see above). Two possible explanations for the
diplosyllables seem appropriate. One is that they
represent the initial inward buckling of one
timbal (or both synchronously) producing
syllable 1, followed by the outward buckling
accompanying timbal relaxation producing
syllable 2. An alternative explanation is that each
syllable represents a single cycle of ‘in-out’
buckling of each timbal, there being a small gap
in timing between the firing of the two timbals
(equivalent to the inter-syllabic durations, i.e.
7.4-8.9ms). 1 his explanation implies that within
each syllable, the first hemisyllable results from
the inward bucking, and the second hemisyllable
from the accompanying outward buckling during
timbal relaxation. It is noted that within each
song, there is a strong similarity of detailed
structures between the two syllables comprising
each diplosyllable.
476
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
frequency (kHz)
FIG 24. Amplitude spectra of C. percola songs from;
(a) Lake Broadwater, with bimodal (uneven)
inter-diplosyllablc intervals, and (b) Brigalow
Research Station, with relatively even
inter-diplosyllable intervals. Both spectra based on
analyses of a sequence of twelve diplosyllablcs. 1 he
frequencies of the main peaks are labelled (kHz).
Unfiltcrcd recordings.
Amplitude spectra (Fig. 24) show the presence
of broad and complex peaks centred at or near
8.6kHz, but extending between approximately
5.9 to 11.5kHz. Strongest peaks occur at 7.1, 8.6
and 10.0kHz, suggesting side bands around a
8.6kHz carrier frequency, and modulation rates
of 1.4-1.5kHz, equivalent to -0.7ms. These rates
are not clearly equated to the measured syllable
and hemisyllabIe lengths (Table 4), although they
may correspond to the k pre-dipIosyllabIe
disturbance’ durations. The numerous peaks
extending either side of the 8.6kHz peak suggest
further side bands at approximately 0.6kHz
(equivalent to a 1.7ms modulation frequency)
which is similar to the lengths of the
hemisyllables. The width and wide range of the
frequency peaks is assumed to reflect the various
diplosyllable and syllable/hemisyllable
modulation rates, together with the relative roles
and efficiencies of the main sound radiation
structures (Fonseca & Popov 1994; Fonseca &
Bennet-Clark, 1998).
Pipilopsalta gen. nov.
TYPE SPECIES. Pipilopsalta ceuthoviridis sp. nov.
INCLUDED SPECIES. P. ceuthoviridis sp. nov.
ETYMOLOGY. Latin pipil(o), chirp or peep; a reference
to the characteristic, although soft, sharp chirping song.
DIAGNOSIS. Small cicada, 9.4-13.5 mm total
body length (type species). Width of head
(including eyes) only slightly greater than width
of pronolum across lateral margins, but less than
abdomen width (across auditory capsules); width
of pronoturn measured from lateral margins
similar to width of mesonotum measured
between fore wings; pronotal collar ampliate
along lateral margins and outwardly curved;
distance between lateral oeelli similar to distance
between lateral ocellus and eye. Abdomen
rounded to bulbous in dorsal and lateral profile,
with stemites projecting well below level of
tergites. Rostrum extends to midway along mid
coxae. Wings hyaline without infuscations;
costal vein even in width to node, with minimal
curvature; sclerotised anterior costa margin
weakly developed and much narrower than width
of vein; fore wing with eight apical cells which
are mostly shorter than length of ulnar cells;
CuA-M vein intersection occurs approximately
halfway along the first vein section (proximal to
basal cell) of the M vein that makes up inner
margin of radial cell; lengths of the three distal
vein sections that comprise the inner radial cell
margin are clearly of unequal length. Hind wings
with six apical cells. Operculac slightly
elongated, gently rounded dong lateral, distal
and medial margins; mcraeantha normal and
loeated strongly asymmetrically (towards
midline) with respect to opcrculae; inner margins
of opcrculae separated but closely spaced.
Timbals with five long ribs; ribs 1 and 2 fused
ventrallv and also anteriorly to the basal spur;
three short ribs. Pygofer roughly ovale in dorsal
view; upper lobe rounded and not strongly
extended; lower lobe rounded and slightly
enlarged; inner lobe visible, subacute; uncal
lobes extend steeply from pygofer, subacutely
terminated and curved anteriorly; prominent and
rounded median process; beak defined but short.
Acdeagus trifid, with dorsal pseudoparameres
significantly longer than endotheca, and splayed
outwards apically; sclerotised ventral support
and partially sclerotised endotheca.
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
477
Pipilopsalta ceutlioviridis sp. nov.
(Figs 25-28, 43, Tabic 5)
Species E: Ewart & Popple, 2001,64, 66,71, figs 6A, 9A.
MATERIAL. IIOLOTYPE; d. QMT992I6, Cluny
Lagoon, SW.Qld., 25/8/78,24 0 31'S 139"37'E, A.Evvart.
PARATYPES: WEST AND SOUTHWEST
QUEENSLAND: Id, Dam, Milroy Hstd. -70 km N
Quilpic, grass, AE. 1R. JN, 13.i.2000. 26°02.85'S
144“20.8I’E; Id, Near “Aravvcc’', Milroy, -70 km N
Quilpic, grass, AE, 13.i.2000, 25"58.S8 , S 144°20.43’E;
3d, Blackwater Ck xing, Adavale, grass, AE, 1R, 15 Jan
2000,25"54.88’S Id.39,Thompson Rxine.
4 km W Jundah, l.ii.1999, AE, 24”49.36’S 143”01.14’E;
1 d. Dam, Milroy llstd,-70 km N Quilpic, grass, AE, 1R,
JN, 1232000, 26 l ’02.85'S 144°20.81'E, Rcc; 8d, 19. E
segment ‘Moothandclla’ pty, 2.1 km E Jundah Rd,
31.1.1999, AE. 25"33.85'S 143°04.24'E; 2d, As
previously. Rcc; 2d, 19, Warrego R xing, Charlcville,
133.1999, AE, 26°24.04 , S 146”14.05'E: Id, NE comer
Blackall, 28.xi.1999. AE, grassland. 24 n 25.03’S
145°27.33'E; Id, NE comer Blackall. 30.xi.1999. AE,
grassland. 24°25.03'S 145'’27.33’E; Id, 10 km SW
Charlcville, In Eivmopliila bignoniijlora. AE, 19.x.1999,
26°26.37'S 146”09.64'E; 2d, Warrego R. crossing,
Giarlcville, AE, 26'24.04’S 146°14.05’E, 19.x. 1999; 3d, 1
km W Moreen, 26.xi.1999, AE, 26“24.6S'S 147‘06.16'E;
2d. 30.6 km S Aucathclla, AE, grassland, 27.xi.1999,
25°59.58'S 146°27.67'E; 2d, 141cm NW of Tambo,
grassland, AE. 27.xi.1999. 24°48.79'S 146"09.91’E, Rec:
Id, 10 km SW Charlcville, grass. AE, IR, 83.2000.
26°26.37'S 146°09.64'E; 1 d ,-30 km N Quilpie, grass, AE,
1R, 83.2000, 26°22.50'S 144°18.68'E; 2d. 5.8 km W
Bollon, grassland, 12.xii.2001, AE, 28"0I.49'S
147"25.42'E; Id, 12 km S Charlcville. sand plain,
8.xii.2000, AE, 1R, 26°3022'S 146°12.96’E; 1 d, Butloo R
flats, Quilpic, grassland, ll.ix.2000, AE, 26°36.77'S
144°16.78'E; Id, 55 km W Windorah, dune, 53x2000.
AE, 25°21.54'S 142‘’03.76’E; 1 d, As previously, Rec; 1 d,
3 km S Thargomindah. 123x2000, AE, grassland,
28°00.94 , S 143°50.92'E; I0d, 19, BullooR, Milroy Hstd.
nr. Adavale, 10.xii.2000, AE, IR. 26‘’03.42'S 144°21.23’E:
49, 16.5 km W Barcaldine, grassland, 12.xii2000, AE,
IR. 23°32.48'S 145"07.38'E; 79, 41 km SW Blackall.
grass, 1 l.xii.2000, AE, IR, 24°41.74'S 145°I7.66'E; Id,
0.5 km N along Muttaburra Rd., W side Thompson R, nr.
Longrcach. grass, AE, 163.2002,23°23.67S 144°13.21'E;
lOd, 1 9. 1 exuviae, Warrego R xing. Charlcville, grass,
19.x. 1998, AE, 26“24.04'S 146°14.05’E; Id, As
prcviouslv, Rec: Id, 44 km SE Tambo. grass, AE,
143.2002, 25°I0.48'S 146°29.78'E; 12d, 19, Cluny
Lagoon, 25.viii.1978, 24"31'S 139"37'E, AE (AE). 3d,
26°3I'S, 146“04’E. Charlcville, 21kni SW, 4-5.iii.2003.
270m. GM, CB; 1 9,20‘49'S, 139"27E, Mica Creek, Ml.
Isa, 9-12.iii,2000, nivlamp, SE, 50277 (QM). 6d. 19,
Red Sand hill, 55km W Windorah, 53x2000, LWP, AE,
260-0001 to 0007; Id, Lake Houdraman. via Quilpic,
6.ix.2000, LWP, 260-0008 (LWP). 1 6 , Warrego R xing,
Charlcville, 133.1999, AE, 26’24.04'S 146°I4.05'E; Id,
Warrego R xing. Charlcville, grass, 19.x.1998, AE,
26°24.04'S 146"14.05'E (BMNH). 19, 41 km SW
Blackall, grass, 11 .xii.2000, AE, IR, 24”41.74’S
145° 17.661s (ANIC). Id, Warrego R xing, Giarlcville,
133.1999, AE, 26°24.CH , S 146 U 14.05'E; 1 9, 16.5 km W
Barcaldine, grassland. 12.xii.2000, AE, IR, 23 W 32 48’S
I45°07.38'E (MSM). SOUTHEAST QUEENSLAND:
Id. Jet Warrego Hwy witli Jondaryan-Mt Tyson Rd,
Jondaryan, grass, AE, 9.ii.2005, 27°22.88'S 151°36.75'E
field rcc (AE). 3d, 2722'34"S 15l°36'00"E, Jondaryan
district, grass, 5.ii.2005. LWP. 360-0009 to 0011 (LWP).
SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Id, 27.54'S 135.49'E, Neales R
22viii.l989,1. Bunic (ANIC).
DESCRIPTION (Male). Figs 25, 43A. General
colouration most commonly bright apple green;
rarer pale brown, pale yellow-brown, pale mauve
and yellow-green specimens occur. The
following description is based on the normal
green form.
Head. Supra-antennal plate, postelypeus and
transverse ridges, gena, mandibular plate and
anteelypeus all bright apple green. Ocelli pink to
pale red. Compound eyes medium to red-brown.
Antennae fawn to pale brown. Rostrum pale
sandy brown, grading darker apieally.
Thorax. Pronotum bright apple green, including
anterior margin, pronotal collar and central fascia
area; variation in intensity of colour, tending
towards a more translucent appearance between
and along the oblique fissures. Mesonotum with
a pair of wide pale grey-brown obeonieal
paramedial fasciae which extend and taper
distally front anterior margin about one quarter of
the distance along mesonotum, but not quite
fused anteriorly; a pair of pale grey-brown broad
lateral fasciae, irregular and broken in outline,
extend and taper distally from anterior margin to
near anterior arms of cruciform elevation;
remaining colour apple green to pale yellow-
green, with pale sandy colour along wing
grooves.
Wings. Fore wing venation pale green, basal
membrane pale sandy yellow. Hind wing with
pale green venation; plaga pale sandy yellow
which extends along both margins of 3A vein.
Legs. Dominantly pale green with diffuse pale
sandy yellow areas (possibly due to fading in
storage) on anterior margins of eoxac and
trochanters, and as weakly developed
longitudinal fasciae on femora. Tibiae tending
pale brown distally. Tarsi pale greenish brown,
with apices of claws brown.
Operculae. Pale green; distal margins gently
curved, but becoming more sharply curved along
medial margins; gentle short doming developed
478
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
FIG 25. Pipilopsalta ceuthoviridis. A. Lateral abdomen view; B, fore and hind wings; C, timbal; the right-hand
edge as shown represents the posterior margin, the top the dorsal edge; D, opercula; E, and F, lateral and v entral
views of pygofcr. Pygofer length 1,7mm. Scale bars represent 1 mm except wings (3mm). Drawings based on
specimens from Cluny H.S. lagoon, near Bedourie. and "Milroy” H.S. north of Quilpic (pygofer only).
from distolateral areas extending to basal areas:
meracantha small, subacutely terminated
Timbals. Rib 3 extends across timbal, while ribs
4 and 5 are relatively short; in some specimens,
rib 5 apparently exhibits a remnant small
discontinuous extension ventrally; ribs 3 to 5 not
fused to basal spur; well developed, but relatively
small central dome on timbal plate.
Abdomen. Tergites bright apple green, without
any clearly denned fasciae. Stemites apple
green, tending towards yellow-green distally.
Pygofer. Apple green, becoming darker towards
beak. Details as in generic characters.
FEMALE. Fig. 43B. Dominantly uniform apple
green, similar overall to male. Antennae dark
brown apically. Ocelli pale pink. Compound
eyes dark brown to red-brown. Postclypeus with
medial segments between the transverse ridges
dark brown to black, these coalescing dorsally; in
some specimens, there is minor black mottling
dorsally on postclypeus andsupra-antennal plate.
Legs usually as in male, but sparse thin dark
brown fasciae arc seen on the fore tibiae, mid and
hind femora, and fore trochanters of some
specimens. Ovipositor black on apex: ovipositor
sheath extends approximately 1 to 1.3 mm
beyond tergite 9.
MEASUREMENTS. N= lid, 11$. BL: 6 9.4-13.5
(12.0); $ 10.7-13.0(11.9). FIVL: 6 9.7-13.0(12.2); $
12.2-13.7 (12.8). HW: 6 2.6-3.S (3.2); $ 2.S-3.3 (3.0).
PIV: 6 2.5—4.0 (3.4); $ 3.0-3.6(33). AIV: 6 3.0-4 4(4.0);
$ 33-3.7 (3.5). FiVL/BR: 6 2.50-2.88 (2.64); $
2.48-2.81 (2.63).
DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT (Fig. 13). A
relatively localised, highly cryptic and static
species inhabiting the low grasslands of
predominantly inland Queensland, including the
Mitchell grass plains. It sits in short to
moderately short grass, typically singing in full
sunshine. The known distribution extends to
amplitude (mV) M amplitude (mV) ^ ^ amplitude (mV)
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
479
700 j \< -Single echeme
JO -
0
i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i i r
1.0 2.0 3.
time (s)
FIG 26. P. ceuthoviridis . Waveform plots of; (a), (b)
normal chirping song comprising repetitive, sharply
defined eehemes, and (c), alarm song when under
stress. In (b), a time expanded envelope plot shows
the multiple syllables comprising each eehemc. Data
in (a) and (b) based on field recordings, unllltered,
from 55km west of Windorah; (c) represents a
container recording, unfiltered, from 44km southeast
of Tambo.
northern South Australia, but it is almost
certainly a widespread species throughout the
inland regions of Australia. Known Queensland
localities extend west and southwest of Bollon
and Morven, including Charleville,
Thargoniindah and westwards to Quilpie,
Adavale, Windorah, Jundah and Cluny H.S.
(near Bedourie). Northern inland locations
include Augathella, Tambo, Blaekall, Barcaldine
and the Longreaeh region, plus a single more
northern record from Mica Creek at Mt. Isa. An
isolated record exists from southeastern
Queensland at Jondaryan. The South Australian
record is from Neales River (Creek).
ETYMOLOGY. Greek ceutlto, and Latin viridi(s);
referring to the hidden/conccaled habits and behaviour and
to the bright apple green colouration typical of this species,
respectively.
SONG (Figs 26-28). Data are based on
recordings from six southwestern Queensland
locations, namely: 55 km W. of Windorah;
Moothandella H.S. (nr. Windorah); Cluny H.S.
(near Bedourie); Charleville; Tambo; and Milroy
H.S. (70 km N.Quilpie), plus a recording from
Jondaryan in southeastern Queensland. Four
data sets are presented in detail (Table 5).
The song consists of monotonously repeated
sequences of nearly identical (within a given
song cycle) short eehemes ("chirps'), ranging
FIG. 27. Expanded time scale envelope plots of single
eehemes in P. ceuthoviridis songs showing The
individual syllables; (a) from the Warrcgo River at
Charleville, southwest Queensland: (b)"jondaryan,
southeast Queensland. In (b), small short time gaps
between the sets of five syllables are arrowed.
Unfiltcred field recordings.
480
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
TABLE 5. Pipilonsalta ceuthoviridis - summary of song parameters, based on field recordings from four
locations. "'Based on separate wave form plots from seven separate locations. '-'Figures represent
mean values,±a, number of measurements (n), and measured ranges of data (in brackets). Figures
represent mean values, equivalent inter-echeme intervals in ms fin brackets!, and measured ranges of
data (in brackets). (4> Based on mean frequencies of dominant spectral peaks of each recording, and
mean value of the measured mean frequencies.
All
data
Cluny
Charleville
W. Windorah
Jondaryan
lnter-eehenie intervals - ms
141 <u
160±5(n=l1)
(150-I65)' 2 ’
117±4(n=15)
(110-I24) <2)
I37±l1(n=30)
(122-I53)' 2 ’
I48±4(n=55)
(137-I56)' 2 ’
Eehemc lengths - ms
68.1"’
74,(Fr8.0(n=14)
(60.2-85.0) (2>
64.9±4.5(n-19)
(55.5-7!.2) <2 ’
49.3±9.7 (n-20)
(27.4-63.7) 121
84.l46.0(n=60)
(68.0-95.0) (2 >
No. of syllables per echeme
40.1 {I)
44.4±4.8(n=14)
(36-51)' 21
34.4±2.5(n=19)
(30-66) (2)
31.246.1 (n*20)
(17-40) (2)
50.444.3(n=60)
(40-58) 121
Syllable lengths (including,
tail) - ms
1.68
I.64±0.54(n=60)
(0.56-2.68)
1.88±0.I8(n=39)
(1.52-2.28)
1.5840.31 (n-79)
(1.06-2.85)
I.6340.47(n=122)
(0.52-2.85)
Hemisyllablc lengths - ms
0.53
0i0±0.18(n=27)
0.68±0.02(n=2)
0.5440.08 (n=8)
0.4140.11
Eeheme repetition rates (s' 1 ); m
icasured from multiple echeme counts
(i) Field
7.3440.89
(n=l3)
6.29(159]
(6.19-6.39) (3)
8.62(116]
(8.57-8.68) (3)
7.71(130]
(7.44-8.11) (3)
6.76[I48|
(6.72-6.83) <3 ’
(ii) Container
6.8540.90
(n*8)
Maximum frequency -
Mean (kHz) f4)
15.4
15.1
15.5
14.8
15.4
Mean frequency-(kHz) <4>
15.1
15.0
15.2
14.6
_115_ J
between 27-95ms in length. The tenn echeme is
used on the basis of the presence of trains of
multiple syllables without significant gaps,
which arc thought to represent more than a single
cycle of the buckling of the timbal pairs. Inter-
echeme intervals range between 110-165nis (Fig.
26), equating to repetition rates of approximately
6 ro 9s" 1 . Comparison of these rates between field
and container recordings indicate little
significant difference (Tabic 5), although
container recordings tend to be slightly slower.
Each echeme consists of coalescing syllables
(Figs 26b, 27) 17- 66 in number, their overall
structures being similar throughout each echeme,
i.c. there being no systematic temporal or peak
amplitude variations. In some recordings from
N.W. Windorah, Cluny and Jondaryan, there
exists an indication of regular groupings or sets
of five syllables within the echemes, each group
separated by slightly increased inter-syllable
gaps (Fig. 27b). It seems possible that each
syllable grouping represent a single contraction
(and relaxation?) cycle of one timbal. The
sequential alternation of the timbal pairs would.
in this explanation, provide the unbroken trains
of syllables seen in each echeme.
Higher resolution envelope curves of the
syllables (two separate records shown in Fig.
28A, B) show each to have a shaiply defined
initiation and decay to and from their maximum
amplitudes, followed by either a low amplitude
tail, or commonly by low amplitude secondary
peaks (termed hemisyllablcs). Mean measured
syllable lengths (including tails, he. peak to peak)
range 1.58-1.88ms (equivalent to modulation
rates of 532-633Hz). The mean lengths of the
individual hemisy 1 tables range between
0.41 -0.68ms (Table 5). The hemisyllablcs vary
in their exact temporal relationships to the
syllables. A possible explanation for their
production is that they represent the clicks
emitted during relaxation of the timbal ribs
following primary syllabic production.
Comparison of the song parameters between
the songs of the two most geographically
separated recordings ( Table 5) shows the
essential similarity and stability of the song
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
481
FIG. 28. (a) Detailed syllable and lower amplitude
hemisyllable structures within a short time segment
of an ccheme, showing uneven inter-syllabic
intervals; recorded from Cluny H.S. lagoon; (b) as
previously, based on recorded specimen from 55km
west of Windorah. In these two plots, only selected
syllables and hemisyllables are labelled; (c)
amplitude spectrum of P. eeuthoviridis song from
55km west of Windorah. Main frequency peaks are
labelled (kHz). All are unfiltered field recordings.
structures, even though separated by a linear
distance of about 1240km.
Amplitude spectra (Fig. 28C) show the spectra
to possess a complex broad peak centred at
14.7kHz, but extending between -12 to 17kHz.
There are very subdued peripheral peaks at
-10.4, 12, 12.5 and 16.2kliz. No significant
sidebands peaks can be clearly identified. The
width and complexity of the dominant peaks are
nevertheless attributed, at least in part, to the
complex, overlapping ranges of lower frequency
side band peaks which reflect the range of
amplitude modulation structures seen within the
echemes, syllables and hemisyllables. The
carrier frequency is inferred to correspond to the
main peak maxima at 14.7kHz. The absence of
peaks extending to lower frequencies, as seen in
the other species described in this paper, suggest
either that sound radiation was concentrated in a
smaller number of body structures, or that these
structures are perhaps more coherently tuned. It
is therefore perhaps significant to recall that P.
eeuthoviridis is a localised and relatively static
species.
Timbal structure has five long ribs and three
short ribs. Only ribs 1 and 2 arc fused vcntrally
and dorsally (to basal spur), the remaining long
ribs lying ‘suspended' on the timbal resilin. It is
possible that ribs 1 and 2 are partially or even
completely coupled, and react independently
from ribs 3-5, giving rise to the complexities seen
in the detailed syllable structures. The groupings
of 5 syllables seen within some echemes, noted
above, may correlate with the buckling of each
long rib within a single timbal buckling cycle.
The stress call (Fig. 26C) of this species is very
different from the ealling song, and contains
significantly more complex temporal and
amplitude modulations. The maximum
frequency however, is 14.9kHz, close to the
calling song maximum.
Drymopsalta gen. nov.
TYPE SPECIES. Drymopsalta ervpitnm sp. nov.
INCLUDED SPECIES. D. daemeli (Distant, 1905),
n.comb.; D. erepitum sp. nov.
ETYMOLOGY. Greek drymo , wood/woodland; a
reference to the habitat preference.
DIAGNOSIS. Small cicadas, <15 mm total body
length. Width of head (including eyes) greater
than width of pronotum across lateral margin, the
latter similar to the abdomen width across the
auditory capsules; width of pronotum measured
from lateral margins similar to, or slightly greater
than mesonotum width measured between fore
wings; pronotal collar moderately to strongly
ampliate along lateral margin and outwardly
curved; distance between lateral ocelli similar to
distance between lateral ocellus and eye.
Abdomen slender and evenly tapered distally;
sternites rounded and visible when viewed
482
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
laterally, although stemites VI and VII may only
just be visible. Rostrum extends beyond the hind
coxae. Wings hyaline and relatively elongated;
forewings with costal vein more or less equal in
length to node and exhibits a marked anterior
eurvaturc proximal to node; sclerotised area
along anterior margin of costal vein very narrow;
fore wing with eight apical cells whieh are
similar, overall, to length of ulnar cells (some
longer, some shorter); intersection of M and CuA
veins occurs approximately one half of distance
along first vein section (proximal to basal cell) of
M vein that makes up inner margin of radial cell;
lengths of the three distal vein sections that make
up inner margin of radial cell are clearly of
unequal length. Hind wing with normally 5 to 6
apical cells, rarely 4; these vary not only between
species, but sometimes are variable within a
single specimen. Operculae elongated with
somewhat blunt, oblique and variably rounded
distal margins; meracantha normal and loeated
strongly asymmetrically, towards midline,
relative to operculae; inner margins of eaeh
opercula widely separated. Timbal with four to
five long ridges, ribs 1-3 always fused ventrally;
ribs 1-4 fused anteriorly with the clearly
developed basal spur; three short ribs, sometimes
very weakly developed. Pygofer ovoid to
roughly rectangular-shaped in dorsal view; upper
lobes moderately extended, subacute, but
apically rounded; lower lobes well developed,
apically rounded; inner lobes not developed;
uncal lobes erect, extending almost orthogonally,
and thickened and rounded apically; conspicuous
beak; median process small and narrow in lateral
view; aedeagus trifid with dorsal pseudo
FIG 29. Drymopsalta crepitum. A, Lateral abdomen view; B, fore and hind wings; C, timbal; the right-hand
edge as shown represents the posterior margin, the top the dorsal edge; D, opercula; E, and F, lateral and ventral
views of pygofer. Pygofer length 1.5mm. Seale bars represent 1mm except wings (3mm). Drawings based on
specimens from Heathlands H.S., and Cockatoo Creek, near Heathlands Resource Reserve (pygofer only),
northern Cape York Peninsula.
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
483
paramcrcs longer than endotheca, sclerotiscd
ventral support, and unsclerotised endotheca.
Drvmopsalta crcpituni sp. nov.
(Figs 29-35,44)
Species F: Ewart, 1993, pp. 139, 147, fig. 14 (not fig. 12 as
labelled); Heathlands speeies F: Ewart, 2005, p. 172, fig 5.
MATERIAL. HOLOTYPE; 3, QMT99217, Pumphouse,
Heathlands Stn., Cape York Peninsula, N.Q., 1 Feb 1992,
A. Ewart, lt°45.35’S 142°35.38'E.
PARATYPES: CAPE YORK PENINSULAR,
QUEENSLAND: 2d, 49, Pumphouse, Heathlands Stn,
16.L1992, AE, 11°45.35'S 142°35.38’E; 4<J, As
previously, 2Li. 1992; 6cJ, 49, As previously, 25.i. 1992;
7d, 59, As previously, l.ii. 1992; 2d, l 9, Open Forest
nr. Heathlands Stn, 26.i. 1992, AE, 11°45.24’S 142°34.62 , E;
4 d, 4 9, Nr, Cockatoo Ck xing, -18 km NWI leathlands
Stn, 20.i.l992, AE, 11°39.19’S 142°27.36 , E; 2d, 29, Nr.
Bertie Ck xing, -12 km SW Heathlands Stn, 19.11992,
AE, 11°49.70'S 142°29.89'E; Id, 39, Heathlands Stn,
24.i.l992, AE, ll°45.trS 142 1> 34.34’E; 1 d,Nr. Cockatoo
Ck xing, -18 km N\V Heathlands Stn, 31.i.1992,
11°39.19'S 142°27.36'E; Id, Tall heath, N side
Pennefather R, 2.xi.2002, AE, 12°13.45‘S 141°45.41'E,
Rec spec 1; 1 d, As previously, Rec spec 2; 2 d, Tall heath,
N side Pennefather R, 3.xi.2002, AE, 12°13.45’S
141°45.4rE; 1 d. As previously, Rec spec 3; Id, 19,Tall
heath, N side Pennefather R, 5.xi.2002, AE, 12°13.45’S
141 0 45.4VE; Id, As previously, anomalous song type;
Id, -0.7km S of Base Camp, Pennefather R, S side of
entrance, heath, 7.xi.2002, AE, 12 n 14.60’S 141°42.89'E;
34 d, 109, 10.8 km N of Norman R, Nonnanton, mixed
melaleuca woodland, AE, 14.1.2003, 17°37.10‘S
141°09.17E; Id, As previously, Ree spec 1; Id, As
previously, Rec spec 2 (AE). 19, Cape Flattery heath,
45km N Cooktown 13-14 July 1976, GB&SRM (QM).
1 d, Browns Ck, W of Tozcr Gap, 9.i. 1988, AW-H; 12 d ?.
7 9,Tozcr Gap, Iron Range, 27.xii.1983, MS&BJM; 19?,
Jardinc R xing, U°09’S 142°27E, lLx.1979, MS&BJM;
3d, 19?, Jardinc R xing, 11‘WS 142°22’E, 29.X.1979,
MS&BJM; 3d?, 29, Dalhunty R xing, N of Coen,
2.xii.l9S3, AW-H; Id?, 19, Gunshot Ck, 11°43’S
142°29’E, 21.iii.1992, GD, SM; Id, Punsand Bay,
16.11987, RBL; Id, 19, Archer R., April 1988, SL
(MSM). 13 d, 4 9, Gunshot Ck., 13 km NW Heathlands
HS, ll°43’S 141^8’E, 21.iii.1992, mv lamp, GD, MAS;
l d, Iron Ra, West Claudie R, open forest, 3.xii.l985, DY
(UQ1Q. Id, Nr. Cockatoo Ck xing, -18 km NW
Heathlands Stn, 20.11992, AE, 11°39.19'S 142°27.36’E;
19, Pumphouse, Heathlands Stn, 16.i.1992, AE,
11°45.35'S 142°35.38'E (BMNII). 1 d, 1 9, Pumphouse,
Heathlands Stn, l.ii. 1992, AE, 11°4535'S 142°3538’E
(ANIC).
DESCRIPTION (Male). Figs 29, 44A. General
colouration pale to medium brown and black.
Head. Brown to black with fine silver
pubescence. Supra-antennal plate medium
brown with short yellow fascia extending along
medial suture from distal margin to between the
two posterior ocelli; irregular black patches
enclosing ocelli. Gena brown: mandibular plate
brown with narrow black margin adjacent to
anteclypeus; prominent silver pubescence.
Postclypeus dominantly black to dark brown
dorsally with median pale yellow-brown fascia
extending anteriorly to dorsal anterior margin;
frons pale sandy colour with black transverse
ridges which become paler laterally.
Anteclypeus pale brown with small median
darker spot. Compound eyes pale brown. Ocelli
pink to pale red. Rostrum pale sandy brown,
darker brown apically. Antennae dark brown,
grading pale brown apically.
Thorax . General colour pale brown to black.
Pronotum with black central fascia, slightly
broadened adjacent to both the distal and
proximal margins, appearing somewhat
fc dumbelF-shaped, and enclosed by a medium
brown envelope without pubescence; between
the anterior and posterior oblique fissures occur
areas of both broken and continuous black
colouration; the posterior oblique fissure is also
marked by broken black colouration; short thin
irregular black fasciae lie proximally to the
lateral margin; anterior pronotal margin and
pronotal collar are pale sandy-yellow except for
localised black colouration at outer comers of
collar. Mesonotum with a pair of anterior,
paramedial, short broad black obconical lasciae,
tapered distally, just coalescing adjacent to
pronotal collar, and extending distally
approximately one quarter ol the distance along
the mesonotum; a pair oi broad lateral fasciae,
brown to black colour, tapered distally and
enclosed by medium brown colouration; two
small elliptical black spots located anteriorly to
the anterior arms of cruciform elevation;
remainder of mesonotum colour medially is
pale-medium brown, paramcdially sandy brown,
and laterally pale brown; cruciform elevation
pale sandy brown on anterior arms and in lateral
area between amis, remainder deep brown to
black; wing grooves pale sandy brown; scattered
silver pubescence.
Wings. Fore wing venation medium brown, with
costal vein colourless to translucent; ptcrostigma
infuscatcd reddish to dark brown; basal
membrane opaque white. Hind wing venation
pale brown; 5 apical cells, very rarely 4; plaga
opaque white which extends along both sides of
3 A vein.
Legs. Coxae pale sandy brown; fore coxae dark
brown on distal lateral margins; mid and hind
484
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
A Normal clicking song
B
120 -
-120
Rapid clicking (“galloping”)
/Eeheme Inter-eeheme syllables
n—i—i—i—i—i—i—r~r
time (s)
Very rapid clicking
D Rapid chirps and extended buzz
Extended buzz
100
-140-
1.5 0
FIG 30. Waveform plots of four described phases of the D. crepitum songs. The change from the normal song (a),
through to the buzzing phase (d) is gradational. Plots (a) and (d) recorded from the northern shores of the
Pennefather River, northwestern Cape York Peninsula. Only selected eehemes, double echeme, and
inter-eeheme syllables are labelled. Plots (b) and (e) recorded from 11km north of Normanton, northern
Queensland. Recordings (a) to (e) were made in a container, filtered (FIR) to 1kHz, while (d) represents a bat
detector field recording.
coxae with broad dark brown fasciae along
anterior margins. Fore femora with alternate pale
sandy brown and medium brown longitudinal
fasciae, and three dark brown spines; mid and
hind femora dominantly medium brovvn but with
pale brown longitudinal fasciae. Tibiae of fore
legs medium brovvn along lateral margins, pale
sandy colour on anterior margins. Mid and hind
tibiae predominantly pale sandy brovvn. Tarsi
pale to medium brovvn, with claws dark brovvn.
Opercitlae. Roughly rectangular in form with
distal margin obliquely terminated and relatively
uncurved; meracantha prominent and relatively
acutely terminated; broad ridge extends the
length of each opercula from distal to basal area;
colour off-white except for small area of brovvn
adjacent to crest around distolateral corners;
prominent silver pubescence.
Timbals. Four long ribs; rib 4 extends
approximately half way across timbal, and is
fused dorsally to basal spur; prominent and
relatively elongated and ovate grooved dome on
timbal plate.
Abdomen. General colour pale to darker brown
with pale sandy distal margins and inter-
segmental membranes. Conspicuous narrow
medial concentration of silver pubescence
dorsally on all tergites and pygofer, giving
appearance of a conspicuous silver dorsal fascia;
tergite 2 dominantly medium brown, slightly
darker paramedially, with narrow deep brown
anterior edge extending to, and partial ly covering
and enclosing the auditory capsules; central area
of capsules pale brown; tergites 3 to 8 darker
brovvn in medial and paramedial areas, and
sporadically laterally, remaining areas paler
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
485
B ^ Syllable
—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—i—r~
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
time (s)
FIG 31. Time expanded envelope plots of/), crepitum
songs showing: (a) Two cchcmcs with a series of
single intcr-cchcme syllables. The inter-syllable
time intervals are labelled in ms, showing the
progressive increase in the intervals. The second
echcmc represents a double cchcmc. (b) Expanded
time scale envelope plot of the initial cchcme in plot
(a) showing the sequence of 16 component syllables.
Container recording from north side of Pennefather
River, filtered (FIR) to 2kHz.
sandy brown with silver pubescence; distal
margins and intcrscgmcntal membranes of
tergites 3-7 conspicuously pale sandy yellow.
Stemites pale to medium brown, tending darker
in medial areas; stemitc 11 with small black
medial area which extends in part to area below
auditory capsule; sternite VIII medium brown.
Pygofcr. Irregularly coloured medium to dark
brown. Details as in generic characters.
FEMALE. Fig. 44B. Supra-antennal plate
medium brown with short black irregular thin
streaks extending laterally from eyes, and a thin
black fascia extending inwards from inner eye
margins; a medial black fascia extends from
between ocelli, through the anterior ocellus and
widens adjacent to postclypeus. Remainder of
head markings as in male. Pronotum with a
central brown fascia which is more diffuse in
outline and slightly enlarged at its distal and
proximal margins; the markings between and
adjacent to oblique fissures are medium brown
(not black as in male). Mesonotum with brown
paraniedial obconical anterior fasciae which
coalesce towards anterior margin; the lateral
fasciae arc relatively indistinct; a pair of small,
dark, elliptical paramedial spots lie anterior to
each anterior arm of cruciform elevation; the
dominant mesonotum colouration is
pale-medium brown, with cruciform elevation
medium to dark brown along distal and proximal
margins, joining anteriorly with a small median
fascia. Legs, wings and tergites similar to male,
except tergite 2 which lacks any black
colouration. Tergite 9 with a pair of paramedial
dark brown fasciae extending distally
approximately 80-90% of distance towards distal
margin. Sternites similar to male, with generally
slightly paler colouration. Ovipositor sheath
extends approximately 1.5 mm beyond tergite 9.
MEASUREMENTS. N = 14cJ, 12$. BL: 6 9.1-11 2
(10.4); $ 11.2-14.7 (13.4). FWV. 6 11.2-13.5 (12.6); $
12.2-15.0(13.8). HIV: 6 3.1-3.7 (3.5); 9 3.1-4.0 (3.6).
P\V: 6 2.7-32(3.0); $ 2.S-3.6 (3.2). AW: 6 2.9-3.S (3,2);
$ 2.S-3.6 (3.1). FWL/BR: 6 3.07-3.31 (3.20); 9
3.18-3.60 (3.39).
DISTRIBUTION & HABITAT (Fig. 13). Avery
small inconspicuous cicada occurring widely
through the Cape York Peninsula, in dense
shrub/heath and woodland environments,
especially in proximity to water courses. It has
also been found in low melaleuca woodland near
Normanton. It inhabits the foliage, inner
branches and less commonly open trunks of the
shrubs and trees, its colouration, its soft and high
pitched song, and small size ensuring its very
cryptic nature. It is nevertheless locally abundant
during the summer (November - March).
Specific localities extend from Punsand Bay and
the Jardine River in the north; extensively in the
Heathlands region (including the Gunshot,
Dulhunty, Bertie and Cockatoo rivers and
creeks); the Archer River crossing; Pennefather
River, north of Weipa; Tozcr Gap and the West
Claudic River near Iron Range; near Cape
Flattery; and to the north of Normanton
(southeastern Gulf).
ETYMOLOGY. Latin crepitum, a crackle/rattlc noise; in
reference to the various song fonns of this species.
SONG (Figs 30-35). For a very small cicada, this
species emits a remarkable range of song patterns
486
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1 1 I I 1 r
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280
time (ms)
FIG. 32. D. crcpitum. Envelope curve (a) and
waveform plot (b) of ihe initial stage of syllable
coalescence, following the very rapid clicking
phase, which leads, with increasing rapidity of song
emission, to the continuous buzzing song phase.
Recorded from II km north of Normanton.
Container recordings, filtered (FIR) to 1kHz,
(Fig. 30). The simplest pattern, referred to as the
normal clicking song (Fig. 30A), consists of a
series of short, repetitive chirps, referred to as
eehemes, each ranging between approximately
16 to 86ms in length, comprising between 3 to 16
syllables without clearly defined gaps. The term
eeheme is used as their lengths and syllable
numbers seem to mostly require more than a
single cycle of buckling of the timbal pairs. This
term, is however, somewhat complicated by the
occurrence of the cehemes not only singly (most
common), but sometimes as sets of double (Figs
30A, 31 A) or even triple cehemes. For the
purposes of the following descriptions, these
multiple eeheme sets are treated as single
eehemes unless specified otherwise.
Inter-eeheme intervals within the normal
clicking song range in length between 0.94-
2.26s (Table 6). Within these intervals occur a
series of single syllables, 4-11 in number, with
inter-syllable intervals of approximately
100-270ms. In detail, these inter-syllable
intervals are variable in length, with the most
common pattern being one of progressively
increasing intervals during song emission, with
the exception of the final syllable interval (Fig.
31 A).
Under appropriate conditions (e.g. singing in
full sunshine; rapidly rising morning
temperatures), a significant speeding up of song
emission occurs, producing the rapid clicking
song (sounding to the ear as a distinct 'galloping’
song), followed with further increasing rapidity
of eeheme emission, by the very rapid clicking
song (Fig. 30B, C). The changes through these
song phases involve the reduction in the number
of inter-echeme syllables emitted, together with
the contraction of the inter-eeheme intervals
(Table 6). The eehemes in these faster song
phases mostly occur singly, but in some records,
also as double eehemes. The song phases further
develop, by the progressive coalescence of
eehemes and syllables (Figs 30D, 32), into the
continuous buzzing song, with sporadic
interspersed very rapid clicking phases. Mean
syllable lengths range between 4.6-7.3ms in the
normal clicking songs, and 6.1-6.9ms in the
faster songs types.
TABLE 6. Drymopsalta crcpitum - summary of song parameters from three locations. (,) Single and
doublet eehemes overlap in their respective inter-eeheme intervals u) Figures represent means, ±a,
number of measurements (n) and ranges of data (in brackets).
Heathlands
Pennefather River
Normanton
A. Eehemes
Inter-echeme intervals -(si (1 '
(i) Normal clicking song
l.50±0.30 (n=28)
(1.01-2.26) 12 ’
I.13±0.18 (n=14)
(0.94-1.44) <2 ’
•
(ii) Rapid clicking song
-
*
0.30±0.05 (n=14)
(0.20-0.37) (2)
(iii) Very rapid clicking song
-
0.25±0.02 (n=16)
(0.22-0.28)
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
487
TABLE 6. (Continued)
Heathlands
Pennefather River
Normanton
Inter-syllable intervals (nts) between adjacent echemes {l) ; [number of intcr-echeme syllables in square brackets!.
(i) Normal clicking song
187122 (n=40)
(102-234) [4-111
175142(n-30)
(107-269) [6-81
-
(ii) Rapid clicking song
-
-
70±21(n=6)
(46-97)[21
(iii) Very rapid clicking song
-
-
93 ±9 (n=32)
(73-109) [1]
15 Echcme structures
Individual echeme lengths (nts) ; [number of syllables in square brackets]
Sinelc echcmcs:
(i) Normal song
38.7 [5] to 60.4 [8]
74.2 [16] to 86.2 [16]
.
(ii) Rapid clicking song
-
112(19] to 137 (23]
65.3 [11] to 79.4[ 13]
(iii) Most rapid clickmg song
-
-
57.2 [11] to 64.9(12]
Double echcmcs sets:
(i) Normal clicking song
15.8 [3] to 58.8 [14]
-
(ii) Rapid clicking song
-
-
18.6 [3] to 59.0 [10]
Triple echcmcs sets:
(i) Normal clicking song
-
19.4 [4] to 34.0 [7]
_
Syllable lengths within echetnes (ms);
(i) Normal clicking song
6.76±0.4I (n=7)
(5.9-7.1)
4.8610.26 (n=32)
(4.4-5.4)
-
(ii) Rapid clicking song
•
5.9810.09 (n=5)
(5.9-6.1)
5.0910.10 (n=l 2)
(5.0-5.2)
(iii) Very rapid clicking song
-
-
5.17HU7 (n=12)
(5.0-5.6)
(iv) Syllabic coalescence (buzzing) phase
>
-
7.08±0.28 (n=4)
(6.7-7.4)
Syllable structures within echernes:
Individual hemisyllables - mean lengths (ms)
Not clearly
resolvable
1.4-1.8
(normal song)
(a) 1.07±0.35
(0.66-1.52)
(verv rapid clicking)
C Inter-echcme single s\liable structures:
(i) Mean total lengths - (ms)
7.26±0.79(n=17)
(6.0-9.1)
(normal song)
4.62i0.39(n=16)
(4.1-5.8)
(normal song)
(a) 6.38± 0.58(n*18)
(5.7-7.8)
(rapid clicking)
(b) 6.1210.54
(5.7-7.8)
(very rapid clicking)
(c) 6.85H).27(n=22)
(6.16-7.38)
(coalescence phase)
(ii) Hemisyllable mean lengths -(ms)
3.28l0.40(n=17)
(2.8-3.4)
(normal song)
2.1310.1 l(n-16)
(2.0-2.4)
(normal song)
(a) 0.4710.19(n=48)
(0.17-0.90)
(rapid clicking)
(b) 0.4410.1 l(n=43)
(0.27-0.71)
(very rapid clicking)
(c) 0.85l0.43(n=52)
(0.28-1.71)
(coalescence phase)
488
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
time (im)
FIG 33. D. crepitum. Expanded time scale envelope
curves showing; (a) details of an intcr-echeme
syllable structure of the normal clicking song
showing two hemisyllables; (b) two syllables within
an cchcmc of the nonnal clicking song, each with two
hemisvllables; and (c) four syllables from the pulse
coalescence phase leading to the continuous buzzing
song (see Fig. 32), each syllabic showing three or
more hemisyllables. Within the hemisyllables
shown within the three plots, the complex higher
frequency carrier pulses are visible; selected pulses
labelled in (b) and selected hemisyllables labelled in
(c). (a) and (b) represent container recordings from
the northern shore of Pcnnefathcr River; (c) is a
container recording front 11 km north of Normanton.
Each record is filtered (FIR) to Ikllz.
In time expanded plots, the majority (but not
all) of the inter-echemc syllables of the normal
clicking song display two well defined
component hemisyllables (Fig. 33A), with
lengths between 2-4ms (250-500Hz). In the
rapid clicking (‘galloping') song, the
inter-ccheme syllables vary between one to two
in number (most common), and rarely three (Fig.
30B). Single inter-echeme syllables characterise
the very rapid clicking songs (Fig. 30C). In the
coalescence phase leading to buzzing, the
progressive coalescence of the syllables (Figs
32, 33D) becomes evident. Within these more
rapidly emitted song phases, the internal syllable
structures move away from the double
hemisyllables of the nonnal clicking song to
more complex multiple hemisyllablc structures
(Figs 33C, 34) whose lengths range between
0.17-1.7ms (0.59-5.9kHz). The hemisyllables
themselves comprise finer scale (higher
frequency) pulses, representing the various
carrier wave pulses (Figs 33, 34) whose
wavelengths lie between approximately
0.06-0.25ms (-4-16.7kHz). The important
aspect is that with increasing song emission rates,
there is a recognisable change in pulse stmetures,
consistent with the amplitude spectral data
discussed below.
The cchcmcs represent the coalescence of
syllables (Fig. 3IB), each normally with two
hemisyllables in the nonnal clicking song (Fig.
33B), similar in structure to the intcr-echeme
syllables. In the rapid and very rapid clicking
songs, however, the double hemisyllablc
structures tend to change towards multiple,
shorter hemisyllables as seen in the associated
inter-echeme syllables (sec above). Syllable
lengths vary between 4.4-7.4ms (Table 6), there
being overlap of the data between the normal
clicking and the faster song types, and also with
the inter-ccheme syllable lengths. The syllable
structures comprising the cchenies and
inter-echeme syllables are clearly very similar.
Amplitude spectra (Fig. 35A) arc especially
complex in the nonnal clicking song, with two
dominant peak groupings between -12-13.5 and
-14-16 kHz. Further broad multiple peaks occur
at-16.5-17.5, 11-11.5, 8-8.5, and 7.5 kHz. Some
of the observed complexity may represent
multiple side band peaks originating from the
complex hemisyllablc through to cchenic
structures and amplitude modulation rates.
Nevertheless, the range of frequencies
presumably represents sound radiation from
multiple sound radiation stmetures (Fonseca &
Popov, 1994; Fonseca & Bcnnet-Clark, 1998).
Comparison of the spectra of the nonnal song
with those of the continuous buzzing phase
(syllable coalescence phase; Fig. 35C) shows a
marked amplitude increase of a broad peak
centred at 15.2 kHz, but a notable amplitude
reduction of all the other peaks. Nevertheless,
amplitude (mV) _ amplitude (mV") _
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
489
FIG 34. D. crcpitum . Expanded time scale envelope
curves showing detailed structures of: (a) an
intcr-cchemc syllable from the very rapid chirping
song phase, and (b) single syllable from the syllabic
coalescence phase leading to the continuous buzzing
song. In both plots, the syllables arc characterised by
multiple hcmisyllablcs of variable lengths (cf. Figs
33A, B). Selected hcmisyllablcs labelled. Container
recordings from 11km. north of Normanton, filtered
(FIR) to Ik Hz.
weak peaks centred at 12, 12.5, 13.2, 13.9, 14.7,
15.9 and 16.9 are evident.
The major peak at 15.2 kHz is inferred to
represent the fundamental frequency. Although a
complex of peaks coincides with this frequency
in the normal clicking song, the maximum
frequency amplitude of the latter lies at~13 kHz.
It therefore seems possible that with increasing
speed of song production, there is a change in the
relative importance of the various sound
radiating structures, with or without a change in
the fundamental frequency. Amplitude spectra of
the rapid chirping and most rapid chirping phases
exhibit intermediate stages in the relative
reduction of the frequency peaks less than ~15
kHz, as shown in Fig. 35B by the very rapid
chirping phase. This clearly exhibits the
reduction of the 13 and 14-14.8 kHz peaks, and
the enhancement of the 15-16 kHz peaks (the
<> 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
frequency (kHz)
FIG 35. Amplitude spectra of D. crepitum songs,
showing the shifting emission frequency patterns in
the changing song phases; (a) normal clicking song,
filtered (FIR) to 0.5kHz; (b) very rapid clicking song,
unfiltcrcd; (c) syllabic coalescence phase leading to
buzzing song, unfiltcred. Container recordings from
(a) northern shore ol Penncfather River, and (b, e),
11km north of Normanton. The frequencies of the
main peaks are labelled (kHz).
latter inferred to represent the carrier frequency).
Thus, the amplitude spectra, when considered
through the sequence of increasing syllable
emission rates, suggest a general increase in the
carrier frequencies and corresponding reduction
of the lower frequency components, consistent
with changing patterns of sound radiating
centres, and apparently correlated to the greater
importance of timbal radiation.
It is noted that the timbal rib structure of this
species is relatively simple with four long ribs
and three poorly developed short ribs (Fig. 29C).
Ribs 1-3 are fused vcntrally and dorsally,
whereas rib 4 is fused only dorsally to the basal
spur. It is therefore suggested that the fused
posterior long ribs act, in unison, as the dominant
sound producing mechanism.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Field work carried out over a number of years
490
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
has not only necessitated, but greatly benefited
from visits to various private properties through
Queensland. Particular thanks are due to the
Novvland families from Milroy H.S. and formerly
Bull Gully FI.S. north of Quilpie; the Scott family
from Moothandella H.S., near Windorah; the
Lithgow family from Allinga H.S. at Chinchilla,
and the Benny family from Lakeview H.S. at
Lake Broadwater near Dalby. Much local
knowledge and hospitality were graciously
offered by these families. Lindsay Popple has
provided many thoughtful discussions and
comments on the manuscript and much
assistance in the field over several years. Drs M.
S. Moulds and D. Young provided many
constructive comments and suggestions on the
manuscript.
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492
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
FIG 36. Crotopsalta plexis. A, male, from near Chinchilla, 10.5mm long; B, female, Glebe Weir near Taroom,
11.8mm long.
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
493
FIG 37. Crotopsaltafronsecetes. A, male, from Gurulmundi, north of Miles, 11,7mm long; B, female from 9 km
northwest of Yaamba, 12.0mm long.
494
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
FIG 38. Crotopsalta strenulum. A, male; B, female, from Nogoa River, Emerald, central Queensland. Total
body lengths 10.3 and 11.2mm, respectively.
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
495
B
FIG 39. Crotopsalta poaecetes . A, male; B, female, from Cloncurry, northwestern Queensland. Total body
lengths 10.0 and 10.9mm, respectively.
496
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
FIG 40. Gagatopsalta auranti. A, male; B, female. From northern Barakula State Forest, north of Chinchilla,
southeast Queensland. Total body lengths 10.6 and 11.1mm, respectively.
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
497
FIG 41. Gagatopsalta obscurus. A, male; B, female. From Milroy H.S., approximately 70km north of Quilpie,
southwest Queensland. Total body lengths 12.3 and 13.4mm, respectively.
498
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
FIG 42. Caliginopsalta percola. A, male, from northern Barakula State Forest, north of Chinchilla,
long; B, female, from Lake Broadwater, near Dalby, 12.3mm, long.
.6mm
NEW TICKING AND CHIRPING CICADAS FROM QUEENSLAND
499
FIG 43. Pipilopsalta ceuthoviridis . A, male, from Cluny lagoon, near Bedourie, 12.6mm long; B, female, from
the Thompson River, near Jundah, 12.9mm long.
500
MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
A
Dtymopsalta crepiium. A, male, from Heathlands H.S., 10.6mm long; B, female, from the nonhem side
of Pennefather River, northern Cape York Peninsular, 12.2mm long.
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